Electromagnetic Radiation from a Nuclear Explosion in Space

Karzas, W. J.; Latter, Richard

doi:10.1103/physrev.126.1919

Cited by 60 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The moving charge will generate electromagnetic fields and also interact with ambient fields creating electromagnetic impulses [26][27][28]. The NEMPs generated by explosions occurring at high altitudes are also referred as High-altitude ElectroMagnetic Pulses (HEMPs).…”

Section: Nempmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

Gomes¹,

Cooray²

2010

PIER

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Abstract-A comprehensive review has been done on the types of electromagnetic transients that may affect low voltage electrical systems. The paper discusses various characteristics of lightning, switching, nuclear and intentional microwave impulses giving special attention to their impact on equipment and systems. The analysis shows that transients have a wide range of rise time, half peak width, action integral etc. with respect to both source and coupling mechanism. Hence, transient protection technology should be more specific with regard to the capabilities of the protection devices. Furthermore, we discuss the components and techniques available for the protection of low voltage systems from lightning generated electrical transients and the adequacy of International Standards in addressing the transient protection issues. The outcome of our analysis questions the suitability of 8/20 µs test current impulse in representing characteristics such as the time derivative and the energy content of lightning impulses. The 10/350 µs test current impulse better represents the integrated effects of the energy content of impulse component and long continuing current. A new waveform is required to be specified for testing the ability of protective devices to respond to the fast leading edges of subsequent strokes that may appear 100 s of millisecond after the preceding stroke. The test voltage waveform

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Section: Nempmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

Gomes¹,

Cooray²

2010

PIER

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“…Ionizing radiation that strikes an interface between dissimilar materials can generate an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) [22,23]. The basic effect involves an electrical current consisting of secondary electrons from one material that are stopped in the other material [24,25,26].…”

Section: Transient Dose-enhancement Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physics of intense, high energy radiation effects.

Hjalmarson¹,

Hartman²,

Magyar³

2011

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“…Irradiation of any object by intense fluxes of penetrating radiation leads to emission of electrons from the outer and inner surfaces of the object and to emergence of a system-generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP), which can deteriorate radioelectronic equipment [1][2][3][4][5]. Spacecraft with large amounts of microprocessor equipment in control and communication systems can be especially sensitive to the action of electromagnetic fields.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…If the intensity of the XR flux onto the metallic surface is rather high, the surface electron layer is formed at distances much smaller than the characteristic spacecraft size [2,5,11,12], which allows computations of parameters of the electromagnetic field in a one-dimensional approximation. A specific feature of the one-dimensional model [6] is that it takes into account the angle of XR incidence owing to a proper choice of the reference system moving together with the XR front and all components of the electromagnetic field (wave and polarization components) are calculated, whereas only the polarization component is determined in conventional one-dimensional models [3][4][5]12].…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of an Electromagnetic Pulse Generated by a System on a Standard Spacecraft

Lazarev

Petrov

Diyankova

et al. 2005

J Appl Mech Tech Phys

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Results on generation of an electromagnetic pulse on a spacecraft under the action of X-ray and gamma radiation are described. The computational technology used is based on a hierarchical system of mathematical models constructed on a system of the Maxwell-Vlasov equations and spacecraft models that rather accurately describe all physical processes typical of origination of secondary electromagnetic fields and the object geometry. It is shown that polarization components of the electric field, which are directed normal to irradiated surfaces, depend weakly on geometric factors and are mainly determined by the photon radiation flux density. Formation of the magnetic field is determined by the dynamics of variation of the first derivative of the dipole moment of the electron layer formed owing to emission of particles under the action of ionization radiation and depends on the object shape, characteristic size of the irradiated surface, and spacecraft attitude.Introduction. Irradiation of any object by intense fluxes of penetrating radiation leads to emission of electrons from the outer and inner surfaces of the object and to emergence of a system-generated electromagnetic pulse (SGEMP), which can deteriorate radioelectronic equipment [1][2][3][4][5]. Spacecraft with large amounts of microprocessor equipment in control and communication systems can be especially sensitive to the action of electromagnetic fields. Because of the specific features of their operation, these systems cannot be reliably protected and rapidly replaced upon their damage.Experimental investigations of the SGEMP in spacecraft are extremely complicated and require large (next to impossible) material and time expenses. In this case, a large portion of research is performed with the use of computational experiments based on mathematical models of generation of electromagnetic fields with allowance for formation of powerful electron fluxes under the action of photon radiation. Origination of an electromagnetic field due to the motion of charged particles is known to be described by the Maxwell equations. Their solution can be obtained by the simplest way if the currents are independent of electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless, the electron-flux dynamics determines the evolution of electromagnetic fields on one hand and depends on the latter on the other hand, because the generated fields substantially change the motion of charged particles. In this case, the evolution of electromagnetic fields and the motion of charged particles should be considered in a self-consistent manner on the basis of the Maxwell-Boltzmann equations.A hierarchical system of mathematical models developed for studying secondary electromagnetic effects (SEME) is described in [6]. This system consists of self-consistent one-and two-dimensional models on the basis of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations and a three-dimensional electrodynamic model based on the Maxwell equations. Yet, the mathematical model is determined not only by the system of equations with initial and boundary cond...

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Electromagnetic Radiation from a Nuclear Explosion in Space

Cited by 60 publications

References 1 publication

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

Physics of intense, high energy radiation effects.

Investigation of an Electromagnetic Pulse Generated by a System on a Standard Spacecraft

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