Electromagnetic propagation features of ground‐penetrating radars for the exploration of Martian subsurface

Pettinelli, Elena; Vannaroni, G.; Mattei, Elisabetta; Matteo, Andrea Di; Paolucci, F.; Pisani, A. R.; Cereti, A.; Vento, Davide Del; Burghignoli, Paolo; Galli, A.; Santis, A. De; Bella, Francesco

doi:10.3997/1873-0604.2005026

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In such an environment, where postreflection waves may be disrupted before returning to the transceiver, larger objects have a better chance of returning a coherent radargram feature. These results augment suggestions that GPR waves in planetary volcanic terrain may suffer composition‐dependent attenuation [ Paillou et al ., ; Heggy et al ., ; Stillman and Olhoeft , ; Williams and Greeley , ; Pettinelli et al ., ] by demonstrating that penetration may be limited at least as severely by near surfaces crowded with structural scatterers. Similar conclusions have been drawn based on poor radar returns at depth recorded from beneath impact‐crater breccia at Haughton impact crater [ Unrau et al ., ], due to fractured bedrock at small impact craters in the Egyptian desert [ Heggy and Paillou , ], and in the heterogeneously welded Bishop Tuff [ Grimm et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meteor Crater measurements reported here are obtained in a limestone‐ and quartzite‐rich medium with dielectric of 3.5–5.2, which likely increases with depth. Much of planetary surfaces are volcanic basalts in which dielectric could easily be above 7, and iron‐rich materials on Mars could push it up to 15 [ Paillou et al ., ; Olhoeft , ; Heggy et al ., ; Stillman and Olhoeft , ; Williams and Greeley , ; Pettinelli et al ., ], although extremely dry conditions may help to mediate this. Such conditions could restrict penetration depths at these wavelengths to 2–3 m, and in extreme cases down to ~1 m. Due to the highly scattering nature of the Meteor Crater ejecta subsurface, we observed few detections below 3 m and enough to discuss only above 2 m. This limited penetration in ejecta‐ and crater‐related terrain may be expected, and also common on heavily cratered planetary surfaces [e.g., Unrau et al ., ; Heggy and Paillou , ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ground penetrating radar geologic field studies of the ejecta of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona, as a planetary analog

et al. 2013

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[1] Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been a useful geophysical tool in investigating a variety of shallow subsurface geological environments on Earth. Here we investigate the capabilities of GPR to provide useful geologic information in one of the most common geologic settings of planetary surfaces, impact crater ejecta. Three types of ejecta are surveyed with GPR at two wavelengths (400 MHz, 200 MHz) at Meteor Crater, Arizona, with the goal of capturing the GPR signature of the subsurface rock population. In order to "ground truth" the GPR characterization, subsurface rocks are visually counted and measured in preexisting subsurface exposures immediately adjacent to and below the GPR transect. The rock size-frequency distribution from 10 to 50 cm based on visual counts is well described by both power law and exponential functions, the former slightly better, reflecting the control of fragmentation processes during the impact-ejection event. GPR counts are found to overestimate the number of subsurface rocks in the upper meter (by a factor of 2-3x) and underestimate in the second meter of depth (0.6-1.0x), results attributable to the highly scattering nature of blocky ejecta. Overturned ejecta that is fractured yet in which fragments are minimally displaced from their complement fragments produces fewer GPR returns than well-mixed ejecta. The use of two wavelengths and division of results into multiple depth zones provides multiple aspects by which to characterize the ejecta block population. Remote GPR measurement of subsurface ejecta in future planetary situations with no subsurface exposure can be used to characterize those rock populations relative to that of Meteor Crater.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground penetrating radar geologic field studies of the ejecta of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona, as a planetary analog

et al. 2013

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“…where

c

is the speed of light in a vacuum,

v

is the frequency, and

ε^{'}

ε^{″}

and

μ^{'}

μ^{″}

are the real and imaginary parts of the relative complex permittivity

ε^{*}

and permeability

μ^{*}

, respectively. The LCR meter, coupled to a capacitive cell filled with the test material, enables us to measure the complex permittivity

ε^{*}

(Pettinelli et al ). By assuming that the equivalent circuit consists of a capacitor

C_{p}

in parallel with a resistor

R_{p}

, we have

\begin{matrix} ε^{'} = \frac{C_{p}}{C_{0}} & and & ε^{″} = \frac{1}{ω C_{0} R_{p}}, \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where

C_{0}

is the capacitance of the cell in air. Similarly, when the LCR meter is coupled to an inductance

L_{s}

(a solenoid embedded in the test material), using the equivalent

L_{s} - R_{s}

series circuit (Pettinelli et al ), we can measure

\begin{matrix} μ^{'} = \frac{L_{s}}{L_{0}} & and & μ^{″} = \frac{R_{s} - R_{0}}{ω L_{0}}, \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective frequency and attenuation measurements of glass beads/magnetite mixtures by time‐domain reflectometry

Mattei

Santis

Pettinelli

et al. 2006

Near Surface Geophysics

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Samples with different percentages (5–30%) of magnetite and different ranges of grain size are analysed by time‐domain reflectometry (TDR). The passband, the attenuation factor α and the effective frequency are derived from the TDR measurements. The passband was obtained from the second edge of the sample by eliminating the DC component and applying a Fourier transform to the residual signal. The bandwidth of the resulting spectral shape decreases as the magnetite percentage increases. The second edge was also used to evaluate the effective attenuation factor αe, using multiple‐reflection theory, terminated at the second reflection. The attenuation values α can be estimated independently by means of the electromagnetic parameters obtained using an LCR meter. To compare α and αe, an effective TDR frequency ve is introduced. The agreement between the values obtained from TDR and LCR‐meter techniques supports the reliability of the attenuation derived from the second TDR reflection, and that computed from the effective frequency. The shapes of the passbands and the αe and ve values for magnetite/glass‐beads mixtures, which simulate dry soils with increasing iron oxides content, are reported and discussed.

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“…The capability of reconstructing the correct location, size, shape, and electromagnetic properties of buried targets is relevant to many civil, geophysical, and planetary application areas [ 1]- [ 4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved tomographic approach for accurate target reconstruction from GPR numerical data

Comite

Galli

Catapano

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar

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This study aims at investigating the advances in terms of the reconstruction capabilities offered by an ad-hoc imaging procedure capable of accounting for the actual radiation features of the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) antennas. The study is carried out by using a 'synthetic setup', which is implemented with a numerical tool able to simulate the characteristics of the antenna system as well as the signals used for the actual illumination. This enables us to obtain an accurate determination of both the incident and the backscattered electromagnetic (EM) fields in the investigated scenarios. GPR data are then processed by means of a consolidated frequency-domain microwave tomographic approach, which is reformulated in such a way to consider the actual EM field radiated by the adopted transmitting antenna. A representative example referred to synthetic data is provided to manage and discuss the improvements in the imaging process achievable with the proposed approach

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Electromagnetic propagation features of ground‐penetrating radars for the exploration of Martian subsurface

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Ground penetrating radar geologic field studies of the ejecta of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona, as a planetary analog

Ground penetrating radar geologic field studies of the ejecta of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona, as a planetary analog

Effective frequency and attenuation measurements of glass beads/magnetite mixtures by time‐domain reflectometry

An improved tomographic approach for accurate target reconstruction from GPR numerical data

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