Electromagnetic modeling of multipath scattering from breaking water waves with rough faces

West, James C.; Zhao, Zhiqin

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2002.1000318

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although the width and length of the breakers in open sea surface have not been mentioned in previous literatures, the wave breaking has been simulated with the LONGTANK. The size of the wedge-shaped breakers keeps consistent with the numerical model of LONGTANK [20], and the agreements of the numerical results with measured data above prove the validity of the parameters. …”

Section: Numerical Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The measured data used were collected from moderate incidence angles to low grazing angles at Ku band (14 GHz) in 1991 [40]. According to the numerical models of breaking wave [20], the geometric parameters of the wedge are set as l = 5λ, d = 12λ. Both HH and V V polarization backscattering coefficients are compared under different wind speeds.…”

Section: Numerical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second kind calculates the total scattering coefficients of the sea surface and breaking waves with whitecap coverage in a statistical sense. West and Zhao generated breaking waves with the LONGTANK and combined the breaking waves with the sea surfaces inversed from the sea spectrum [20][21][22]. The large-scale breaking waves scattering was treated with the method of moment (MoM), Extended GO and three-dimensional multilevel fast-multipole algorithm (MLFMA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigation of Low-Grazing-Angle Microwave Backscattering From Threedimensional Breaking Sea Waves

Luo¹,

Zhang²,

Wang³

et al. 2011

PIER

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Abstract-The microwave backscattering of the sea surface is investigated with the wedge-shaped breaking waves for the super events at low grazing angles (LGA). According to the relationship between the wave breaking and the whitecap, the finite three-dimensional wedges are utilized to approximately model the breaking waves, of which the spatial distribution is simulated with whitecap coverage. The phasemodified two-scale method (TSM) and method of equivalent currents (MEC) are used to calculate the surface and volume scattering of sea surface and breaking waves respectively. The sea spikes in LGA are observed by this model, and the strong directionality is caused by the breakers. Considering the Bragg phase velocity, orbital motion of facets and wind drift, the Doppler spectrum is simulated with the time series of sea clutter. Included the breaking waves, the scattering model indicates that the enhanced non-Bragg scattering leads to the extended Doppler spectrum width. The numerical results agree with the measured data well at LGA. Compared with the statistical models, the complex physical mechanism of the sea scattering is explicitly described in this paper.

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Section: Numerical Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Numerical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigation of Low-Grazing-Angle Microwave Backscattering From Threedimensional Breaking Sea Waves

Luo¹,

Zhang²,

Wang³

et al. 2011

PIER

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show abstract

“…Figure 1 shows the scattering model of LONGTANK waves, which is consistent with tank experiments and ocean observation. As laboratory profiles of breaking waves are lower than 20 cm, the roughness added on the breaking waves in [8] is associated with a very low wind speed in the Pierson-Moskowitz (PM) spectrum (1.5 m/s). In [8], the roughness is only added to the front face of the breaking wave.…”

Section: Formulations and Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phasemodified two-scale method (TSM) and method of equivalent currents (MEC) [7] were used to calculate the surface and volume scattering of sea surface and breaking waves respectively. It is noteworthy that the scattering from breaking water waves with roughened front faces has been numerically examined by West [8]. However, the previous works were only focused on scattering from the breaking wave, and there are few papers [9,10] discussing the influence of breaking wave on the scattering from an object above the sea surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scattering From a Target Above Rough Sea Surface With Breaking Water Wave by an Iterative Analytic-Numerical Method

Xu¹,

Guo²,

Wang³

et al. 2015

PIER M

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Abstract-Two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic scattering from a target above the sea with breaking water wave is studied by a multiregional iterative analytical-numerical method that combines the boundary integral method (BIM) and the Kirchhoff approximation (KA). Based on the "PiersonMoskowitz" (PM) sea surface and the LONGTANK breaking wave, a theoretical model of a target above the rough sea surface with breaking wave is built firstly in this paper. Unlike traditional sea surface, the multipath scattering between the crest of the breaking wave and the target cannot be accurately predicted based on KA alone. To improve the algorithm precision, a multiregional hybrid analytical-numerical method is proposed. In our multiregional model, the whole sea is divided into two subregions: the breaking wave and the PM sea surface. The scattering from the breaking wave and the object is well approximated by BIM, while the PM sea surfaces can be estimated very well by KA based on Fresnel theories. Taking the interaction between KA region and BIM region into account, an iterative system is developed which gives a quick convergence. The hybrid technique presented here is highly efficient in terms of computing memory, time consumed, and versatility.

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A joint active/passive physical model of sea surface microwave signatures

Plant

Irisov²

2017

JGR Oceans

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Active and passive microwave signatures of the ocean can only depend on the ocean wave spectrum if bound and breaking waves are neglected. However, history has not been kind to attempts to explain both radiometer brightness temperatures (Tb) and normalized radar cross sections (σo) of the sea using the same ocean wave spectrum without bound and breaking waves. In this paper, we show that if bound and breaking waves are included in physical models of radiometer and scatterometer microwave signatures of the ocean, a single wave spectrum can explain both Tb and σo to reasonable accuracy. Bound waves are the roughness produced by gently breaking, or crumpling, waves that travel near the speed of the parent wave. Bound wave modeling is based on earlier work by Plant (1997) but using additional information about the slope probability distributions of the bound waves' parents. Breaking wave and foam modeling both build on the function Λ(cb) introduced by Phillips (1985), which describes the average length of breaking wavefronts on the ocean per unit area as a function of breaker velocity, cb. We model Λ(cb) as documented in Irisov and Plant (2016) where we show that the wave spectrum completely determines Λ(cb). We thus show here that the result of including bound and breaking waves in radiometer and scatterometer models of oceanic signatures is a much closer fit to data over a wide range of microwave frequencies and incidence angles using a single wave spectrum.

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Electromagnetic modeling of multipath scattering from breaking water waves with rough faces

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Investigation of Low-Grazing-Angle Microwave Backscattering From Threedimensional Breaking Sea Waves

Investigation of Low-Grazing-Angle Microwave Backscattering From Threedimensional Breaking Sea Waves

Scattering From a Target Above Rough Sea Surface With Breaking Water Wave by an Iterative Analytic-Numerical Method

A joint active/passive physical model of sea surface microwave signatures

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