Electromagnetic Levitation of Solid and Molten Metals

Okress, E. C.; Wroughton, D. M.; Comenetz, G.; Brace, P. H.; Kelly, J.

doi:10.1063/1.1702249

Cited by 257 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…The salient points which stem from equations (2,1), (2.2) and (2,3) are listed. The only control characteristic during an experiment is the strengt of the ma~netic fi e ld.…”

Section: Design Of Coi Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I) Assume gas phase control and for mulate an explanation of the mechanism simi Jar to equations <7.1) and (7,2), For the dissolut ion of oxygen in iron fro m CO-C0 2 mixtures, this would be:…”

Section: Equilibria Under H 2 -H 2 0 Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H<y>.<8.8> (2,2 ) whe r e pd is the den s i ty of t he metal sp he r e ; lJO i s t he permea b i I i -~y o f free s pa c e ;…”

Section: Design Of Coi Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where the Grashof number, Gr = (2,15) in which g is the local acceleration due to gravity. The subscripts= and i apply, respectively, to the state of the continuous phase in the bulk, and at the interface between fluid and sphere.…”

Section: Mass Transfer Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DT Thermal diffusion coefficient. E Col lecfive constant defined by equation (7,2), e Interaction para meter for sulphur, s f Activity coe fficient for sulphur. K' log K' = log f + log K. Time of any operation.…”

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Thermal diffusion in kinetic and equilibrium measurements by levitation technique

Sunderland

Hamielec

et al. 1973

Metall Trans

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NUMBER OF PAGES: xv,147. SCOPE AND CONTENTS:An experimental investigation of the rmal diffusion .,.,as carried out using a levitated iron sample and , a binary gas mixture of hydrogen and hydro ge n s ulphide . The iron was I iquid and the moving gas stream was at room temperat ure. A range of drop temperatures, gas flow rates and compo sitions was studied.The fluxes due to thermal diffusion were found to be significant in this pa rti cular system. Interpretation of the rate data for the sulphurisation and des u lphurisation of the iron showed a pronounced effect of thermal diffusion upon rate and equilibrium measurements.An overal I rate expression whi ch accounts for thermal diffusion and normal mass transfer in the ga s phase has been developed. It is in agreemen t with expe ri ment. Equi I ibriu m data in the I iterature have been corrected for thermal diffusion error by means of this expression. These corrected equi I ibria are in agreement with measurements ~zde by crucible techniques.i i · ACKNO\'/LEDGMENTS am indebted to Dr, A, ~~clean for his suggestion of this particular r e search project. A special debt is felt for his enthus iastic introduction of t he general field of iron-and steelmaking to the author . ' / I would like to record the deep gratitude which I feel to Dr. A. E.Hamielec and Dr. W-K. Lu. Both supervisors provided extensive advice which a ssisted my progress considerably. The guidance was continuous and always available, In addition, I appreciate particularly the freedom which they so readily permitted, to explore many fringe areas which were subsidiary to the main project.iii ·TABLE OF CONTENTS 38.Values of the Equilibrium Constant Found from Six Independent Experi-/ mental Rate Curves at 1675 and 1750°C.39. Correction of Equi 3.Cross-Section of a Typical Levitation Coi I and the Former on which it was Wound. 4.Apparatus for Calibration of Pyrometer on a Liquid Iron Melt . 5.Galibration Curve for Pyrometer Against Thermocouple. 6.Cross-Section of Device for Taking Samples of the Gas Mixtures for Analysis.7. Sulphur Content of Supercooled Drops for Rapid Quenching. Initial Rates of Sulphurisation of Drops Levitated in Various H 2 -H 2 SGas Ratios. 9.Weight Percent Sulphur in Levitated Drops Against Time (Table 8). DT Thermal diffusion coefficient. E Col lecfive constant defined by equation (7,2), e Interaction para meter for sulphur, s f Activity coe fficient for sulphur. K' log K' = log f + log K. Time of any operation.Velocity of th e gas.Weight of the drop. Driving force vectorMole fraction in a mixture of gasesThe rma l diffusion factor. Subscript o refers to the Fe-H 2 0-H 2 system in Chapter 7Subscript co refers to the bulk state (of gas or liquid).Subscript refers to the gas-I i quid interface.Subscript f refers to some average condition in the gas between state co and state i • This is a concept rather than a physical location. XV CHAPTER I INTRODUCTIONThe history of steelmaking shows that the manufacture of steel for many years, has been by processes which have involved t...

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“…The salient points which stem from equations (2,1), (2.2) and (2,3) are listed. The only control characteristic during an experiment is the strengt of the ma~netic fi e ld.…”

Section: Design Of Coi Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Equilibria Under H 2 -H 2 0 Gasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H<y>.<8.8> (2,2 ) whe r e pd is the den s i ty of t he metal sp he r e ; lJO i s t he permea b i I i -~y o f free s pa c e ;…”

Section: Design Of Coi Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mass Transfer Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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