Electrolyte-induced solute permeability effects in compacted smectite membranes

Whitworth, Thomas M.; Fritz, Steven J.

doi:10.1016/0883-2927(94)90015-9

Cited by 56 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The ability of soils, clays, and shale (the geologic membranes) to serve as semipermeable membranes has been conclusively demonstrated by experimental data (Demir, 1988;Fritz and Marine, 1983;McKelvey and Milne, 1962;Whitworth and Fritz, 1994) and field evidence (Berry, 1973;Bredehoeft et al, 1963;Hanshaw and Hill, 1969;Kharaka and Berry, 1974). The chemical composition of water in sedimentary basins can be significantly affected by interaction with geologic membranes:…”

Section: The Influence Of Geologic Membranesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Kharaka

Hanor

2014

Treatise on Geochemistry

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Section: The Influence Of Geologic Membranesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Kharaka

Hanor

2014

Treatise on Geochemistry

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“…Significant evidence exists that pure clays exhibit osmotic or membrane properties (Milne et al, 1963;Kharaka and Berry, 1973;Fritz and Marine, 1983;Benzel and Graf, 1984;Haydon and Graf, 1985;Fritz and Eady, 1985;Demir, 1988;Fritz and Whitworth, 1994;Whitworth and Fritz, 1994;Ishiguro et al, 1995;Malusis and Shackelford, 2002;Liangxiong et al, 2003a, b;Whitworth et al, 2003). Abichou et al (2002) experimented with simulated sand-bentonite mixtures and showed that adding as little as 5% bentonite to the simulated sand reduced the hydraulic conductivity by four orders of magnitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Hyperfiltration of Nacl Solutions Using a Simulated Clay/Sand Mixture at Low Compaction Pressures

Saindon

Whitworth

2005

Aquat Geochem

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It is widely recognized that clays and shales can demonstrate membrane properties. When a hydraulic head differential exists across a membrane-functioning clay-rich barrier, some of the solute is rejected by the membrane. This process is known as hyperfiltration. Some shallow geologic environments, including aquitards bounding shallow perched aquifers and unconfined aquifers, some river and stream beds, and some lake bottoms contain clay-soil mixes. Many engineering structures such as landfill liners, mixed soil augered barriers, and retention pond liners also consist of soil-clay mixes. No previous testing has been performed to investigate the likelihood that hyperfiltration may occur in such mixed soils. Therefore, we performed five experiments using different mixes of Na-bentonite and glass beads (100, 50, 25, 12 and 0% clay) to determine if any of these mixes exhibited membrane properties and to investigate what effect clay content had upon the membrane properties of the soil. Each mixture was compacted to 345 kPa and the sample mixtures were 0.58-0.97 mm thick. All the experiments used an approximately 35 ppm Cl ) solution under an average 103 kPa hydraulic head. Experimental results show that all the simulated clay-sand mixtures do exhibit measurable membrane properties under these conditions. Values of the calculated reflection coefficient ranged from a low of 0.03 for 12% bentonite to 0.19 for 100% bentonite. Solute rejection ranged from 5.2% for 12% clay to a high of over 30% for the 100% clay. The 100% glass bead sample exhibited no membrane properties.

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“…[32] Permeability reductions of swelling clay aggregates exposed to distilled water have been attributed to clay mineral expansion and resulting pore aperture reductions [Mesri and Olson, 1971;Olsen, 1972;Van Olphen, 1977;Moore et al, 1982;Whitworth and Fritz, 1994]. However, this mechanism seems unlikely for Wilcox shale given the absence of significant clay swelling.…”

Section: Influence Of Fluid Chemistry On Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of fluid chemistry determined here should also hold for other shales and mudstones, but other processes may also become important if swelling clays are present. Multiple mechanisms may be responsible for changes in connected porosity if cation exchange occurs between the pore fluid, surficial clay double layers, and the clay mineral interlayers [Mesri and Olson, 1971;Olsen, 1972;Moore et al, 1982;Whitworth and Fritz, 1994;Sposito et al, 1999].…”

Section: Influence Of Fluid Chemistry On Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydration and expansion of swelling clays may be affected by changing fluid composition, as interlayer cations are replaced by solutes of the pore fluid. Correspondingly, permeabilities of clay aggregates depend on electrolytes in the pore fluid [Whitworth and Fritz, 1994;Mesri and Olson, 1971;Olsen, 1972]. Permeabilities of deeply buried shales, with abundant illite and little or no smectites, are expected to show less chemical sensitivity than permeabilities of shallow mudstones with higher modal swelling clay contents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Permeability of illite‐bearing shale: 2. Influence of fluid chemistry on flow and functionally connected pores

2004

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[1] Bedding-parallel permeability of illite-rich shale of the Wilcox formation has been investigated using distilled water and 1 M solutions of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl 2 as pore fluids. Despite low modal concentrations of swelling clays, specimens expand upon fluid saturation and permeabilities depend on fluid composition. Permeabilities to flow of 1 M CaCl 2 are 3-5 times greater than values measured for the other pore fluids, suggesting sensitivity to exchange of divalent cations for monovalent cations at clay mineral surfaces. Permeabilities of individual samples exhibit nonrecoverable changes with sequential changes in composition of incoming fluid. Permeabilities k at varying effective pressure P e fit a cubic law k = k 0 [1 À (P e /P 1 ) m ] 3 , where m and P 1 are independent of fluid composition, and k 0 is greater for transport of 1 M CaCl 2 than that for transport of the other pore fluids. Assuming that fluid conduits have crack-like dimensions, the lack of sensitivity of m and P 1 to fluid composition suggests that surface roughness and asperity stiffness of conduits are unaffected by cation exchange, while changes in k 0 reflect changes in the clay-fluid interfaces of the connected pore space.

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Electrolyte-induced solute permeability effects in compacted smectite membranes

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Deep Fluids in Sedimentary Basins

Hyperfiltration of Nacl Solutions Using a Simulated Clay/Sand Mixture at Low Compaction Pressures

Permeability of illite‐bearing shale: 2. Influence of fluid chemistry on flow and functionally connected pores

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