Electrolyte Additives for Lithium Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries: Progress and Perspectives

Abstract

Lithium metal (Li ) rechargeable batteries (LMBs), such as systems with a Li anode and intercalation and/or conversion type cathode, lithium-sulfur (Li-S), and lithium-oxygen (O )/air (Li-O /air) batteries, are becoming increasingly important for electrifying the modern transportation system, with the aim of sustainable mobility. Although some rechargeable LMBs (e.g. Li /LiFePO batteries from Bolloré Bluecar, Li-S batteries from OXIS Energy and Sion Power) are already commercially viable in niche applications, their large-scale deployment is hampered by a number of formidable challenges, including growth of lithium dendrites, electrolyte instability towards high voltage intercalation-type cathodes, the poor electronic and ionic conductivities of sulfur (S ) and O , as well as their corresponding reduction products (e.g. Li S and Li O), dissolution, and shuttling of polysulfide (PS) intermediates. This leads to a short lifecycle, low coulombic/energy efficiency, poor safety, and a high self-discharge rate. The use of electrolyte additives is considered one of the most economical and effective approaches for circumventing these problems. This Review gives an overview of the various functional additives that are being applied and aims to stimulate new avenues for the practical realization of these appealing devices.

Superlithiophilic Amorphous SiO2–TiO2 Distributed into Porous Carbon Skeleton Enabling Uniform Lithium Deposition for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries

“…2019, 6,1900943 The Li@PCSF anode was incorporated in full cells after being paired with NCM cathodes. Sci.…”

“…2019, 6,1900943 This behavior allowed for dendrite-free composite anodes, even at high current densities. Sci.…”

Key Aspects of Lithium Metal Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries

“…However, the high reactivity, large volume changes, dendrite formation, poor cyclic stability, and safety issues are some of the major problems hindering the practical use of Li metal anode in these battery systems . Although, a significant amount of work has been done during the last 10 years to address these issues, a versatile solution is still absent . Therefore, a fundamental understanding of Li metal chemistry is essential in order to make the Li anode a viable technology for next generation Li metal batteries.…”

“…However, the in situ SEI is weak and can develop cracks during stripping/plating. Therefore, suitable electrolyte additives are used to increase its stability . These additives usually have a strong affinity for Li metal and are used to strengthen the SEI film.…”

Forming a Stable CEI Layer on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4Cathode by the Synergy Effect of FEC and HDI

“…1,2 To construct a robust SEI, many compounds, such as cyclic carbonates, [3][4][5] alkenes, 6,7 sulfides, 8,9 lithium borates and their fluorides, [10][11][12][13][14][15] have been widely investigated.…”