“…LiNO 3 has been extensively investigated as an additive in ether electrolytes to passivate lithium anodes by forming nitrogencontaining SEI with high Li + conductivity [140][141][142][143][144][145]. The highdonicity NO 3 À moiety with a more nucleophilic property is easier to coordinate to hard Li + nuclei than DOL and DME solvents, based on the hard and soft acids and bases theory.…”
“…LiNO 3 has been extensively investigated as an additive in ether electrolytes to passivate lithium anodes by forming nitrogencontaining SEI with high Li + conductivity [140][141][142][143][144][145]. The highdonicity NO 3 À moiety with a more nucleophilic property is easier to coordinate to hard Li + nuclei than DOL and DME solvents, based on the hard and soft acids and bases theory.…”
“…Although the reversible Mg plating/stripping has been well identified in these electrolyte solutions, they still suffer from the intrinsically poor anodic stability, the complicated synthesis procedure and the high sensitivity to air/moisture, which severely restrains the superiority of Mg batteries into full play [17]. Conventional electrolytes based on simple salts and carbonate/ether solvents have made huge success in the commercialization of LIBs, which enable the use of high-voltage cathode toward high energy batteries [18][19][20][21]. Unfortunately, they are generally considered to be incompatible with Mg metal due to the strong solvation effect and the spontaneous passivation on the anode/electrolyte interface [22][23][24].…”
Magnesium metal anode holds great potentials toward future high energy and safe rechargeable magnesium battery technology due to its divalent redox and dendrite-free nature. Electrolytes based on Lewis acid chemistry enable the reversible Mg plating/stripping, while they fail to match most cathode materials toward high-voltage magnesium batteries. Herein, reversible Mg plating/stripping is achieved in conventional carbonate electrolytes enabled by the cooperative solvation/surface engineering. Strongly electronegative Cl from the MgCl2 additive of electrolyte impairs the Mg…O = C interaction to reduce the Mg2+ desolvation barrier for accelerated redox kinetics, while the Mg2+-conducting polymer coating on the Mg surface ensures the facile Mg2+ migration and the effective isolation of electrolytes. As a result, reversible plating and stripping of Mg is demonstrated with a low overpotential of 0.7 V up to 2000 cycles. Moreover, benefitting from the wide electrochemical window of carbonate electrolytes, high-voltage (> 2.0 V) rechargeable magnesium batteries are achieved through assembling the electrode couple of Mg metal anode and Prussian blue-based cathodes. The present work provides a cooperative engineering strategy to promote the application of magnesium anode in carbonate electrolytes toward high energy rechargeable batteries.
“…[28] However, it's difficult to commercially realize a lithium metal battery based on present organic liquid electrolytes (e. g., EC, DEC, 1,2-dimethoxyethane), which suffer from great safety hazards because of intrinsic high-reactivity, lithium dendrites penetration and flammability of organic liquid electrolytes. [44] If lithium metal anode is coupled with other high stable solid-state electrolyte materials, as shown in Figure 5, the destructive interfacial reactions and lithium dendrites can be potentially suppressed. [31] All-solid-state LMBs provides a promising solution for next-generation rechargeable energy storage due to their high safety of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs).…”
High‐energy‐density batteries have attracted significant attention due to the huge demand in electric transportation in future. Metal‐based batteries, especially lithium metal batteries (LMBs) and sodium metal batteries (SMBs), have been hot research topics nowadays. The uncontrolled growth of metal dendrites has retarded the development of LMBs and SMBs. Various electrolytes have been explored to meet the demand of high‐performance metal‐based batteries, such as additives‐contained electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, and solid‐state electrolytes. To guide the development of electrolytes in LMBs and SMBs, we organize this roadmap to give out the status of present research and future challenges in this field. We also hope that the readers can get the knowledge and ideas from this roadmap.
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