Electrolysis of Water

Production Methods of Stacks and Hydrogen with Associated Costs

“…greenhouse gas emission free, is produced. Water is also in "limitless" supply, there are approximately 1.26 x 10 21 litres of water on Earth [14]. It is not geographically limited either, which could lead to the fall of energy poverty globally.…”

“…Platinum is highly susceptible to poisoning from cation impurities commonly found in natural water [23]. As a result ultrapure water, (minimum 10 MΩ) is a vital requirement for long term PEM electrolysis [14]. Poisoning of the catalyst layer results in an irreversible drop in electrochemical performance and the high cost of platinum makes degradation undesirable [12].…”

“…The decrease in electrical energy requirement provides a more economically realistic process. This makes steam electrolysis thermodynamically and kinetically more favourable than its low temperature counterparts [14]. Small scale SO electrolysis cells have been produced, which have demonstrated hydrogen production efficiencies of 70-90% [7].…”

“…Schematic of Alkaline ElectrolysisThe main electrolytes used are potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and usually consist of 25-30 weight% in industrial electrolysis units[14]. The liquid electrolyte enables the conduction of ions between the electrodes in the solution and is not consumed in the reaction.…”

Electrochemical sensing of nitrite using a copper–titanium oxide composite derived from a hexanuclear complex

“…Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is known for its numerous and diverse applications, which range from common products such as sunscreens, 1 to advanced devices, such as photovoltaic cells, 2 photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, 3 water purication 4 and biomedical implementation. 5 The combination of TiO 2 with other transition metal oxides produces materials that exhibit versatile properties and have revolutionized many technological areas, especially the energy 6,7 and environmental sectors. 8,9 The importance and variety of these applications have spurred enormous interest and substantial advances in the fabrication, characterization, and fundamental understanding of TiO 2 based nanomaterials in the past decades.…”