Electrokinetic actuation of low conductivity dielectric liquids

Raghavan, Rohan V; Qin, Jiaxing Jason; Yeo, Leslie; Friend, James; Takemura, Kenjiro; Yokota, Shinichi; Edamura, Kazuya

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.036

Cited by 46 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, as these actuators are compatible with conventional electronics and batteries, it is easy to integrate them with electrical drivers and power sources. The applications are endless; some of the biggest research thrusts are seen in artificial muscles, small‐scale robots, manipulation of microscale objects, and microfluidic systems …”

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electric body force, primarily the Coulomb force, is the source of this motion. Depending upon the particular fluid and electrode configuration chosen, four main pumping mechanisms have been shown to dominate: ion‐drag, conduction, induction pumping, and flow generated by Maxwell pressure gradients …”

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These charges flow along the electric‐field lines from the source electrode to the collector electrode, pulling fluid along with them, resulting in an overall generated flow . Conduction pumping relies similarly on the flow of free charges, though their generation is significantly different and is primarily due to the dissociation of the dielectric molecules or polar impurities . Maxwell pressure‐gradient flow occurs when an electric pressure gradient is produced by an applied non‐uniform field.…”

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Induction pumping is a specific case of this mechanism, where flow is based on fluid charges occurring because of gradients in the electric conductivity. These can be produced with an interface of two materials with different electrical properties (such as the fluid and an insulating channel wall) or with a temperature‐induced difference of electrical properties, thereby allowing electrodes to be placed outside of the liquid channel or bath …”

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Actuators for Small‐Scale Robotics

et al. 2016

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This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators, highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer- to centimeter-scale robotic applications. Soft robots present a special design challenge in that their actuation and sensing mechanisms are often highly integrated with the robot body and overall functionality. When less than a centimeter, they belong to an even more special subcategory of robots or devices, in that they often lack on-board power, sensing, computation, and control. Soft, active materials are particularly well suited for this task, with a wide range of stimulants and a number of impressive examples, demonstrating large deformations, high motion complexities, and varied multifunctionality. Recent research includes both the development of new materials and composites, as well as novel implementations leveraging the unique properties of soft materials.

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Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrically Responsive Soft Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft Actuators for Small‐Scale Robotics

et al. 2016

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“…Moreover, the electrically driven motion of fluids, i.e., electrodynamics (EHD), gives rise to fundamental questions, such as the development of singularities [7] or the noncoalescence of oppositely charged drops [8]. One way to characterize EHD motions is to distinguish cavity flows driven by tangential electric stresses [9,10], instabilities of planar interfaces driven by normal electric stresses [11,12], and electrojetting, which typically combines both the influence of normal and tangential electric stresses [13,14]. In the absence of a separate pumping mechanism, electric fields can be used to manipulate liquids in confined geometries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Spreading and Jetting of Electrically Driven Dielectric Films

et al. 2011

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We study the electrically driven spreading of dielectric liquid films in wedge-shaped gaps across which a potential difference is applied. Our experiments are in a little-studied regime where, throughout the dynamics, the electrical relaxation time is long compared to the time for charge to be convected by the fluid motion. We observe that at a critical normal electric field the hump-shaped leading edge undergoes an instability in the form of a single Taylor cone and periodic jetting ensues, after which traveling waves occur along the trailing thin film. We propose a convection-dominated mechanism for charge transport to describe the observed dynamics and rationalize the viscosity dependence of the self-excited dynamics.

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Recent Progress in Artificial Muscles for Interactive Soft Robotics

2020

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morphing, soft architecture, lightweight, and small footprint in the smart and interactive soft robotics. The development of soft actuation technologies mimicking the functionalities of natural muscles is in imperative demand. Despite that challenges still exist to realize muscle-like performances which can be compared to that of the natural muscles in all aspects, artificial muscles have been able to surpass the performance of their natural counterparts in some particular properties. For instance, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) are capable of producing strains of >300%; [4] thermal responsive coiled polymer fibers can achieve an impressive specific power of 27.1 kW kg -1 which is 84 times of the peak output power from natural muscle; [5] pressurized fluid actuator can be programmed to transform into complex 3D texture and imitate natural stones and plants; [6] soft magnetic actuators with small feature size can provide multiple locomotive modes of swimming, diving, walking, jumping, and crawling. [7] These latest advancements in the artificial muscles shall be highlighted to inspire approaches and strategies for the future development of artificial muscles.Hitherto, many other interesting mechanisms have also been developed to enable artificial muscles. For example, liquid crystal polymers which change the molecular order under applied stimuli to generate reversible macroscopic actuations, [8][9][10][11][12] chemomechanical actuators which can change shapes in response to chemical stimuli such as humidity, acid, base, and solvent, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] carbon nanotube (CNT) muscles based on electrochemical reaction or electrostatic force, [20][21][22][23][24] and hydrogel actuators working with osmotic pressure or with incorporated active materials (a review on hydrogel machine has been provided by Liu et al. recently [25] ). Although these devices will not be covered here, more comprehensive reviews summarizing on different kinds of soft actuators can be found in the articles by Madden et al., [3] McCracken et al., [26] Hines et al., [27] and Mirvakili and Hunter. [28] While the initial investigations on artificial muscles have been focused on enabling soft actuators with improved mechanical performances, there is a clear shift in recent years to integrate soft functional electronic devices, including the sensing devices which can perceive external stimulus such as strain, pressure, and temperature etc. and the responding device which can provide interactive feedbacks to the users such as emissive surfaces, color changes, and acoustic outputs etc., to impart mechanical intelligence in the soft actuators. The Artificial muscles are the core components of the smart and interactive soft robotic systems, providing the capabilities in shape morphing, manipulation, and mobility. Intense research efforts in the development of artificial muscles are based on the dielectric elastomer actuators, pneumatic actuators, electrochemical actuators, soft magnetic actuators, and stimulus responsive polymers. Recent ...

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Electrokinetic actuation of low conductivity dielectric liquids

Cited by 46 publications

References 21 publications

Soft Actuators for Small‐Scale Robotics

Soft Actuators for Small‐Scale Robotics

Selective Spreading and Jetting of Electrically Driven Dielectric Films

Recent Progress in Artificial Muscles for Interactive Soft Robotics

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