“…Water scarcity and pollution are global issues caused by factors, such as population growth, industrialization, and the utilization of water resources [ 1 ]. Over the past few decades, the deterioration of ecosystems and the accumulation of synergistic effects have amplified negative environmental impacts, particularly within aquatic ecosystems [ 2 ]. In 2020, only 74% of the world’s population (approximately 5.8 billion people) had access to safe drinking water, leaving around 2 billion individuals without proper water services.…”