Electrofabrication of a low molecular weight hydrogel at high pH

Patterson, C. Stuart; Panja, Santanu; Liu, Wanli; Mount, Andrew R.; Squires, Adam M.; Adams, Dave J.

doi:10.1039/d3qm00091e

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Most often this term describes the formation of physical networks formed by organic gelator molecules due to a local pH change by electrolysis of water 7,8 or the oxidation and reduction of a secondary agent, such as hydroquinone 9−11 or hydrogen peroxide. 12 These two processes have in common that no direct oxidation or reduction of the gelator takes place while they are still bottom-up deposition processes. This approach has been utilized for the electrochemical assembly of films of biopolymers such as chitosan, 13−17 alginate, 18−20 agarose, 21 and silk.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The term “electrogelation” is currently used for a broad range of electrodeposition processes. Most often this term describes the formation of physical networks formed by organic gelator molecules due to a local pH change by electrolysis of water , or the oxidation and reduction of a secondary agent, such as hydroquinone − or hydrogen peroxide . These two processes have in common that no direct oxidation or reduction of the gelator takes place while they are still bottom-up deposition processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrogelation: Controlled Fast Formation of Micrometer-Thick Films from Low-Molecular Weight Hydrogelators

Raßmann,

Weber,

Glaß

et al. 2023

Langmuir

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The controlled electrochemical deposition of hydrogels from low-molecular weight hydrogelators (LMWHGs) allows for the defined formation of thin films on electrodes. Here, the deposition of fibrillar networks consisting of N,N′,N″-tris(4-carboxyphenylene)-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide (BTA) onto ultraflat gold electrodes has been studied. This process, also termed electrogelation, is based on a local change in the pH due to electrolysis of water at the electrode. The protonation of the BTA sodium salt leads to self-assembly into supramolecular fibrillar structures mainly via hydrogen bonding of the uncharged molecules. The resulting hydrogel film was characterized in terms of its thickness by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two different AFM-based techniques have been used: ex situ imaging of dried films and in situ nanoindentation of the hydrated hydrogel films. The deposition process was studied as a function of gelator concentration, applied potential, and gelation time. These parameters allow control of the film thickness to a high degree of accuracy within a few tenths of nanometers. Film formation takes place in a few seconds at moderate applied potentials, which is beneficial for biomedical applications. The results obtained for the BTA presented here can be transferred to any type of pH-responsive LMWHG and many reversibly formed hydrogel films.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrogelation: Controlled Fast Formation of Micrometer-Thick Films from Low-Molecular Weight Hydrogelators

Raßmann,

Weber,

Glaß

et al. 2023

Langmuir

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Electro‐Sorting Create Heterogeneity: Constructing A Multifunctional Janus Film with Integrated Compositional and Microstructural Gradients for Guided Bone Regeneration

Lei,

Liao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Biology remains the envy of flexible soft matter fabrication because it can satisfy multiple functional needs by organizing a small set of proteins and polysaccharides into hierarchical systems with controlled heterogeneity in composition and microstructure. Here, it is reported that controlled, mild electronic inputs (<10 V; <20 min) induce a homogeneous gelatin‐chitosan mixture to undergo sorting and bottom‐up self‐assembly into a Janus film with compositional gradient (i.e., from chitosan‐enriched layer to chitosan/gelatin‐contained layer) and tunable dense‐porous gradient microstructures (e.g., porosity, pore size, and ratio of dense to porous layers). This Janus film performs is shown multiple functions for guided bone regeneration: the integration of compositional and microstructural features confers flexible mechanics, asymmetric properties for interfacial wettability, molecular transport (directional growth factor release), and cellular responses (prevents fibroblast infiltration but promotes osteoblast growth and differentiation). Overall, this work demonstrates the versatility of electrofabrication for the customized manufacturing of functional gradient soft matter.

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Electrofabrication of a low molecular weight hydrogel at high pH

Abstract: Fmoc-3 is a low-molecular-weight gelator that self-assembles to form hydrogels at basic pH. Here, using Fmoc-3, we show the first electrodeposition at high pH of a low molecular weight gelator...

Cited by 2 publications

References 24 publications

Electrogelation: Controlled Fast Formation of Micrometer-Thick Films from Low-Molecular Weight Hydrogelators

Electrogelation: Controlled Fast Formation of Micrometer-Thick Films from Low-Molecular Weight Hydrogelators

Electro‐Sorting Create Heterogeneity: Constructing A Multifunctional Janus Film with Integrated Compositional and Microstructural Gradients for Guided Bone Regeneration

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