SummaryWe have characterized the gastroesophageal reflux (GER) episodes which occurred during sleep in 28 infants with pathologic gastroesophageal reflux and 10 symptomatic age‐matched controls without gastroesophageal reflux. We describe three kinds of episodes during the sleeping period‐awake episodes which occur completely during electroencephalogram (EEG)‐defined wakefulness associated with clinical evidence of the waking state (62 episodes), episodes occurring during EEG‐defined sleep which have a rapid drop in pH at their onset (119 episodes), and episodes occurring during EEG‐defined sleep in which the esophageal pH drifts down slowly over a period up to 30 min (113 episodes). Only 9 of the 10 control subjects experienced any reflux episodes during monitoring. The total number of episodes of reflux in controls (34) was less than the total number in reflux subjects (260). Controls did, however, experience all three types of reflux episode. Awake episodes all had a rapid drop in pH at their onset and were characterized by a short acid clearance time (2.0 ± 0.3 min in reflux patients and 1.0 ± 0.2 min in controls). The sleep episodes with rapid onset had longer mean acid clearance time than the awake episodes, significantly so in GER subjects (20.1 ± 6.8 min in reflux subjects and 2.6 +1.3 min in controls). Body movement was noted at the onset of 93.4% of rapid‐onset sleep episodes in reflux subjects and 88.9% in controls. Body movement was also common at the termination of rapid‐onset sleep episodes (77.8% of rapid‐onset episodes in reflux subjects and 80.0% in controls). The drift‐onset sleep episodes in GER subjects were characterized by a low frequency of body movements at their onset (body movement seen in 34.9% of drift‐onset episodes), a higher minimum pH (3.6 ±0.1 versus 2.8 ± 0.2 drift‐onset vs. rapid‐onset episodes), a tendency to start in the deeper EEG sleep stages when compared to rapid‐onset sleep episodes, and a decreased frequency of movement arousal. Mean acid clearance time of drift‐onset sleep episodes was similar to rapid‐onset sleep episodes in GER subjects (15.3 ± 6.1 min). Similar characteristics were noted in the few episodes of drift‐onset reflux observed in the control subjects except that drift episodes had significantly greater mean acid clearance time than rapid‐onset episodes (19.4 ± 9.9 min). We conclude that sleep reflux episodes with drifting onset are a significant part of total reflux occurring during the sleeping period. The similarities between rapid‐ and drift‐onset sleep episodes with respect to acid clearance time, and presence of movement at the termination suggests that the mechanisms of clearance of these two episodes may be similar. The differences in onset characteristics between these two episode types, however, suggests the possibility that they may be initiated by different mechanisms