Electrodes for Paracetamol Sensing Modified with Bismuth Oxide and Oxynitrate Heterostructures: An Experimental and Computational Study

Abstract

In this work, novel platforms for paracetamol sensing were developed by the deposition of Bi2O3, Bi5O7NO3 and their heterostructures onto screen-printed carbon-paste electrodes. An easy and scalable solid state synthesis route was employed, and by setting the calcination temperatures at 500 °C and 525 °C we induced the formation of heterostructures of Bi2O3 and Bi5O7NO3. Cyclic voltammetry measurements highlighted that the heterostructure produced at 500 °C provided a significant enhancement in performance compared to the monophases of Bi2O and Bi5O7NO3, respectively. That heterostructure showed a mean peak-to-peak separation Ep of 411 mV and a sensitivity increment of up to 70% compared to bare electrodes. A computational study was also performed in order to evaluate the geometrical and kinetic parameters of representative clusters of bismuth oxide and subnitrate when they interact with paracetamol.

Electrochemical Kinetics and Detection of Paracetamol by Stevensite-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Biological Fluids and Pharmaceutical Formulations

“…These electrodes have a sensitive layer, acting as the essential part of a transducer system, that transforms the chemical reaction into an electrical signal, detectable and interpretable using voltammetric techniques. Recently, CPEs have integrated diverse particulate materials and primary synthetic nanoparticles with varied compositions [13][14][15][16][17][18], where different metal oxides [12,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], nanocomposites [29], zeolites [30,31], dyes [32] and clay minerals [33] have attracted significant attention to preparing CPE-based chemically modified electrodes [34][35][36][37][38]. On the other hand, clays are minerals dominantly made from a colloid system containing soils, sediments, rocks, and water [39,40].…”