Electrodeposition of palladium films from ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solutions (DES): physical–chemical characterisation of non-aqueous electrolytes and surface morphology of palladium deposits

Lanzinger, Gloria; Böck, Reinhard; Freudenberger, Renate; Mehner, Thomas; Scharf, Ingolf; Lampke, Thomas

doi:10.1179/0020296713z.00000000097

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Solubility of Pd can be enhanced by adding [Bmim][Cl] [10] or introducing Pd by electrolysis [11]. Lanzinger, et al investigated Pd electrodeposition in the deep eutectic solvents choline chloride/urea, choline chloride/ethylene glycol and 1-butyl-3-methylimmidazolium chloride tetrafluoroborate [12]. Choline chloride/urea gave the best Pd deposits that were crack-free and fine-grained at a current density of 0.1 mA/cm 2 and 70 C. The quality of Pd deposits deteriorated when higher current densities (>0.1 mA/cm 2 ) were applied to obtain thicker films (>0.5 mm) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

Shrestha

Biddinger

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

Shrestha

Biddinger

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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“…Further details can be found in related publications. [16,17] For both depositions, an area of 2 cm Â 2 cm has been coated. In the following, samples will be referred to as IL and AE, respectively, stating the deposition time (e.g., IL-60 min: deposition using IL for 60 min).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Their main focus is the deposition process itself. In a recent publication, first wear investigations of Pd IL layers were performed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Investigation of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Palladium Deposits from Ionic Liquid and Aqueous Electrolyte

et al. 2014

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Protective coatings are necessary for most electrical contacts, since they are exposed to different environmental conditions such as high humidity or temperature. These coatings have to fulfill certain requirements, e.g., sufficient electrical conductivity, good wear and chemical resistance, good adhesion as well as appropriate hardness. For that purpose, noble-metal coatings and alloys are often used, deposited by electrochemical techniques. The chemical resistance of gold (Au) layers is excellent. At the same time, the electrical conductivity of Au is high (44.6 m V À1 mm À2 ) and therefore, it is, in principle, suitable as material for electrical contacts. [1] However, Au is very expensive and its hardness is quite low. A lower-priced alternative material is palladium (Pd), which is already widely used in several applications (e.g., telephone-type relays) because of its very low electrical noise levels and high hardness despite of having both a significantly lower electrical conductivity (9.3 m V À1 mm À2 ) and a lower chemical resistance than Au. [1,2] Nevertheless, one of the main issues of wet electrochemical methods is hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of the layers and, in consequence, a possible tearing and spalling of the protective layer during operation. Current efficiencies that are typically below 80% are achieved for Pd depositions from aqueous electrolytes (AE). [3] Hence, hydrogen formation and codeposition cannot be avoided during the process. The related occurrence of high tensile residual stresses up to 700 MPa limits the Pd layer thickness to <2.5 mm. [3,4] At the same time, the layer hardness increases and a brittle fracture behavior due to mechanical stress is expected. [5,6] To prevent these effects and increase the life time of the contacts, alternative deposition processes have to be considered instead of AE. Anhydrous ionic liquids (IL) seem to be the most promising candidates. IL have further advantages like non-volatility (no emission of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere) and non-flammability. [7] Even though harmful direct contamination of the environment with IL has to be avoided, they are referred to as "green solvents" by several authors. [7][8][9] At the same time, there are more than 10 6 possible binary IL, which allows broad tuning of their properties (e.g., environmental, physical, and chemical behavior). [7] A future spread of the use of IL will also reduce their currently high costs, one of the main disadvantages of IL.Up to now, only few studies of Pd depositions using IL can be found in the literature. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Their main focus is the deposition process itself. In a recent publication, first wear investigations of Pd IL layers were performed. [18] According to the knowledge of the authors, no comparative investigations on HE of Pd layers (AE and IL) are available in the literature. This study presents the effects of HE on hardness, residual stresses, and on wear of Pd contact materials allowing for conclusions on the operational behavior.

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“…Only few results for depositions of Pd using IL can be found in the literature, which are focused on the deposition process itself using various ILs. But no mechanical testing of the produced layers is included.…”

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confidence: 99%

Structural Characterization and Wear Investigations of Palladium Layers Electrochemically Deposited Using Ionic Liquids

et al. 2013

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Correlations between deposition parameters of palladium films deposited from ionic liquids, microstructural properties, and the wear behavior are identified. The wear volume and calotte depths decrease, if tensile residual stresses are reduced. Cracks within the layer influence the wear resistance only marginally. Furthermore, results indicate that low pulse frequencies and long pulse lengths during deposition have positive effects on the wear results.

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Electrodeposition of palladium films from ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solutions (DES): physical–chemical characterisation of non-aqueous electrolytes and surface morphology of palladium deposits

Cited by 27 publications

References 30 publications

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

Palladium electrodeposition in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ionic liquid

Comparative Investigation of Hydrogen Embrittlement of Palladium Deposits from Ionic Liquid and Aqueous Electrolyte

Structural Characterization and Wear Investigations of Palladium Layers Electrochemically Deposited Using Ionic Liquids

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