Electrodeposition of minerals in sea water: Experiments and applications

Hilbertz, Wolf

doi:10.1109/joe.1979.1145428

Cited by 58 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Low-voltage direct current trickle charges using Biorock electrolytic technology [1] [2] grow limestone structures of any size or shape in the sea and produce the only self-repairing marine construction material that gets stronger with age [3], and grows breakwaters capable of rapidly growing back severely eroded beaches [4]. But in addition to physical benefits the process also has profound stimulatory effects on all forms of marine life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Goreau¹

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Increasing stress from global warming, sea level rise, acidification, sedimentation, pollution, and unsustainable practices have degraded the most critical coastal ecosystems including coral reefs, oyster reefs, and salt marshes. Conventional restoration methods work only under perfect conditions, but fail nearly completely when the water becomes too hot or water quality deteriorates. New methods are needed to greatly increase settlement, growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stress of keystone marine organisms in order to maintain critical coastal ecosystem functions including shore protection, fisheries, and biodiversity. Electrolysis methods have been applied to marine ecosystem restoration since 1976, with spectacular results (Figures 1(a)-(c)). This paper provides the first overall review of the data. Low-voltage direct current trickle charges are found to increase the settlement of corals 25.86 times higher than uncharged control sites, to increase the mean growth rates of reef-building corals, soft corals, oysters, and salt marsh grassan average of 3.17 times faster than controls (ranging from 2 to 10 times depending on species and conditions), and to increase the survival of electrically charged marine organisms-an average of 3.47 times greater than controls, with the biggest increases under the most severe environmental stresses. These results are caused by the fundamental biophysical stimulation of natural biochemical energy production pathways, used by all organisms, provided by electrical stimulation under the right conditions. This paper reviews for the first time all published results from properly designed, installed, and maintained projects, and contrasts them with those that do not meet these criteria.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Goreau¹

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Highest percent element composition of Mg which formed become solid (Mg(OH)R 2 R) compared to Ca which formed become CaCOR 3 R, because solubility of CaCOR 3 R is very affected by the carbonate system in the sea water (Hilbertz, 1979;Hartt 1984). The amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water declines with increasing temperature.…”

Section: Mineral Element Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biorock® is using mineral accretion process and one of coral reef rehabilitation methods since late 1990s in Indonesia, which developed by Thomas Goreau, a marine biologist and Wolf Hilbertz, an engineer and architect (Hilbertz, 1979 and1991;Bachtiar, 2003). Mineral accretion process is applying a low voltage direct electrical current through electrodes causing mineral crystals naturally found in seawater, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure (Hilbertz, 1979;Hartt 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mineral accretion process is applying a low voltage direct electrical current through electrodes causing mineral crystals naturally found in seawater, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, to grow on the structure (Hilbertz, 1979;Hartt 1984). The composite of limestone and brucite which found on the structure is similar to the composition of natural coral reefs (Lee, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Study on Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode Materials (Magnesium, Aluminum, and Titanium)

Zamani¹,

Bachtiar²,

Madduppa³

et al. 2010

J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Biorock® technique is the earliest methods to rehabilitate the damage of coral reef ecosystem. Its improvement is need to carry on since it is subject to some inhibitions in particular the dependence of expensively-imported Titanium (Ti) as the anode materials. The main purpose of this research was to find the best anode material as a possible subtitution which can be economically and easily to apply in Indonesia. Therefore we compared Titanium (Ti) with two other potential anodes material (Magnesium-Mg, and Aluminum (Al). The laboratory study was carried out for two days period (48 hours) in the stagnant sea water aquaria. Four aquarium tanks were treated by different electric current treatment (1 Ampere, 2 Ampere, 3 Ampere, and 5 Ampere, respectively). The reduction of electrode weigh (anode and cathode) was measured. During the experiment, water quality (i.e. pH, and salinity) and mineral waters (calcium) were collected every 6 hour in 48 hours. The solid form of calcium carbonate was analyzed using XDS (X-ray Dispersion Spectrophotometer). The accretion rates on cathode and anode decay were compared between anodes which were treated by different electrical current. Based on the study, three anodes (aluminum, magnesium and titanium) showed different respond. Titanium and Magnesium anode showed electric current affected accretion rate (P < 1), while for aluminum anode showed no differences on treatments.

show abstract

“…Cathodic polarization leads to the formation of a calcareous coating on the cathode (or the structure to be protected) in seawater which reduces the current demand by hindering the oxygen transport to the metal surface (or the structure). As well as the economic benefit of the calcareous deposit, it is also suggested as an inexpensive and environmentally-friendly corrosion control coating to protect structures in seawater [2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Deposit Coatings on Steel during Cathodic Protection and Hydrogen Ingress

Smith

Paul

2015

Coatings

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The calcareous coating formed during cathodic protection (CP) in seawater is known to reduce the current demand by hindering the transport of species required to support the cathodic reactions and, thereby, improve the economic performance of CP systems. There is, however, uncertainty as to whether the coating reduces hydrogen uptake or indeed enhances it. To ascertain this, two sets of samples were polarized at −1.1 V (standard calomel electrode, SCE) in 3.5% w/v NaCl and synthetic seawater (ASTM D1141) at 20 °C and the diffusible hydrogen content measured over a period of 530 h. Under such conditions reports suggest a deposit with two distinct layers, comprising an initial brucite layer followed by an aragonite layer. Contrary to other findings, a fine initial layer containing Ca and Mg followed by a brucite layer was deposited with a few specks of Ca-containing zones in synthetic seawater. The hydrogen uptake was found to occur within the initial 100 h of exposure in synthetic seawater whilst it continued without the benefit of a deposit coating, i.e., in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution.

show abstract

Electrodeposition of minerals in sea water: Experiments and applications

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Study on Biorock® Technique Using Three Different Anode Materials (Magnesium, Aluminum, and Titanium)

Natural Deposit Coatings on Steel during Cathodic Protection and Hydrogen Ingress

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About