Electrodeposition of Cobalt-Tungsten Alloys from a Citrate Bath

Clark, W.E.; Holt, M. L.

doi:10.1149/1.2773839

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…The MWCNTs were typically 100-150 nm in diameter and [10][11][12][13][14][15] 42 The MWCNTs did not disperse uniformly in the base bath; therefore, a homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs was achieved by the addition of a polyacrylic acid (mean molecular weight 5000; PA5000) dispersant [43][44][45] to the base bath with stirring.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Co-W Alloy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films by Electrodeposition for Improved Frictional Properties

Arai

Miyagawa

2013

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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Co-W alloy/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite films were fabricated using an electrodeposition technique and their microstructures were characterized. A citrate bath was used as the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite plating bath. A compact Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film having uniform distribution of MWCNTs without cracks was electrodeposited by adjusting the pH and current density. Frictional properties of the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film were evaluated using a ball-on-disk method at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures (∼ 300 • C) without any lubricant. The coefficient of friction of the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film was clearly lower than that of a Co-W alloy film with the same tungsten content at room temperature. The coefficient of friction of the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film increased with increasing temperature. However, the coefficient of friction of the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film was lower than that of a Co-W alloy film with the same tungsten content at elevated temperatures. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.036311jss] All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted August 26, 2013; revised manuscript received September 20, 2013. Published September 25, 2013 Due to their high hardness, wear resistance, 1 and high corrosion resistance, 2,3 Co-W alloy plating films are expected to be a substitute for chromium plating films, which are formed in an environmentally hazardous process using hexavalent chromium. Due to their superior mechanical properties, very high thermal conductivity, and excellent solid lubricity, carbon nanotubes (CNT) 33,34 are expected to be used as fillers for functional composite materials. Consequently, the formation of metal/CNT composites has been studied by various methods including plating techniques for various applications. Fabrication of metal/CNT composite films for use in tribological applications has also been extensively researched using electrodeposition [35][36][37] and electroless deposition. [38][39][40] These studies demonstrated that metal/CNT composite films show lower apparent coefficients of friction compared to simple metal films without CNTs at room temperature.Co-W alloy/CNT composite films are thus a potential candidate to replace chromium plating films. However, there have been no reports on Co-W alloy/CNT composite films so far. In this study, Co-W alloy/CNT composite films were fabricated using an electrodeposition technique. The tribological properties of the Co-W alloy/MWCNT composite film were evaluated at room temperature as well as at high temperatures. ExperimentalThe CNTs used in the present study are commercially available vapor-grown MWCNTs (Showa Denko Co. Ltd.), formed via catalyst-assisted CVD 41 and heat treated at 2800 Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 · 2H 2 O) was used as the base alloy bath. 42 The MWCNTs did not disperse uniformly in the base bath; therefore, a homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs was achieved by the addition of a polyacrylic acid (mean molecular weight 5000; PA5000) dispersant [43][44][45] to the b...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Co-W Alloy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films by Electrodeposition for Improved Frictional Properties

Arai

Miyagawa

2013

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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“…The aim of the investigations was to obtain compact, well adhesive, smooth layers of CuW alloy containing the highest possible percentage of tungsten. Up to date, the described in the literature attempts to electrodeposit the CuW alloys are rare [19,20] and in our opinion were not successful in respect to the satisfactory morphology and high tungsten content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Optimization of CuW alloy electrodeposition towards high-tungsten content

Bącal

Stojek

Donten

2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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With the help of the factorial design of experiments, optimization of the deposition of the CuW alloy was successfully done. The important deposition parameters were identified as pH, current density, and-the most important onecopper ion concentration. All of them were examined in their wide ranges. Under optimal conditions, in a citrate bath, with copper ion concentration of 1.0 mM, at current density of −100 mA cm −2 and at pH ca. 8.3, the alloy layer had the highest tungsten content (circa 30 wt.%), satisfactory adhesion and a smooth and crackless morphology. The structure of the electrodeposited alloy can be described as an amorphous solid solution of Cu in W with built-in Cu nanocrystals.

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“…Citric acid and its salts are used as sequestrants to control deposition rates in both electroplating and electroless plating of metals (131)(132)(133)(134)(135)(136)(137)(138)(139)(140)(141). The addition of citric acid to an electroless nickel plating bath results in a smooth, hard, nonporous metal finish.…”

Section: Agricultural Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Citric Acid

Lopez-Garcia

2010

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Citric acid is a natural component and common metabolite of plants and minerals. It is the most widely used organic acid in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Because of its functionality and environmental acceptability, citric acid and its salts are used in many industrial applications for chelation, buffering, pH adjustment, and derivitization. These uses include laundry detergents, shampoos and cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and metal cleaning. This article gives details on the occurrence of citric acid in nature and its physical and chemical properties. Description of the two common methods to recover citric acid from its fermentation broth, lime‐sulfuric acid recovery and liquid extraction are given. Shipment and storage of citric acid are discussed. Various national compendial specifications for citric acid and common analytical methods are discussed. Citric acid as well as its common sodium and potassium salts forms, are considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It is biodegraded by many organisms under aerobic and anaerobic waste water treatment conditions and in the natural environment.

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Electrodeposition of Cobalt-Tungsten Alloys from a Citrate Bath

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Fabrication of Co-W Alloy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films by Electrodeposition for Improved Frictional Properties

Fabrication of Co-W Alloy/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films by Electrodeposition for Improved Frictional Properties

Optimization of CuW alloy electrodeposition towards high-tungsten content

Citric Acid

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