Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt

Tsuda, Tetsuya; Hussey, Charles L.; Stafford, Gery R.

doi:10.1149/1.1704611

Cited by 85 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These alloys are formed at or less than 0 V vs. Al(III)/Al without difficulty. Many Al alloy systems have been prepared by this route, including Al-Mg, 77 Al-Ti, [78][79][80] Al-Zr, 81 AlHf, 72 Al-V, 82 Al-Cr, [83][84][85][86][87][88] Al-Mo, 89 Al-W, 73 Al-Mn, 90,91 Al-In, 74 and Al-La. 44 It has been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques that Al-Zr, Al-Cr, Al-Mo, Al-W and Al-Mn in particular form amorphous glass phases.…”

Section: Electrodeposition Aluminum Alloys From Haloaluminate Rtilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Tsuda

Stafford

Hussey

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this article, we review the progress in the area of electrochemical technology with Lewis acidic haloaluminate room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), such as AlCl 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and AlBr 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, and novel chloroaluminate mixtures consisting of AlCl 3 and polarizable molecules, e.g., dimethylsulfone and urea, during this decade. The number of researchers in the field seems to increase steadily, because now we can handle haloaluminate RTILs and their mixtures with other solvents and materials more easily than we could in the past. In this review, we have categorized the electrochemical technology based on these RTILs into two topics: electroplating and energy storage. In fact, much of the current research is based on work begun during the period from ∼1970 until the 1990's. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), which is a name synonymous with room-temperature molten salts, have received considerable attention as novel reaction media, liquid materials, and starting materials for functional carbon material. (The name "ionic liquid" was arbitrarily chosen to represent what are actually salts that liquefy at temperatures below 373 K.) The interest in these materials stems from their favorable physicochemical properties, such as low-flammability, negligible vapor pressure, relatively high ionic conductivity, and high electrochemical stability. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It is now common knowledge in the chemistry community that many RTILs are stable in air or even water. The "first generation ionic liquids" were difficult to handle because the typical anions known at that time, e.g., AlCl 4 − and Al 2 Cl 7 − , reacted strongly with moisture in the air. Only a very limited number of laboratories with special skills for handling them could effectively use these RTILs. No doubt, the flourishing interest in RTIL chemistry was heavily abetted by the discovery of air and water stable systems, i.e., the so-called "second generation ionic liquids".However, we should not devalue the first generation systems such as those based on quaternary organic halide salts and aluminum halides, e.g., AlBr 3 and AlCl 3 , known as haloaluminates. The reactivity of the haloaluminates as well as their adjustable Lewis acidity is precisely what makes them interesting and very versatile. By contrast, the second-generation "inert" ionic liquids, are just that: inert and nonreactive, both chemically and electrochemically. Furthermore, the ionic conductivity and viscosity of the haloaluminates, which are important factors for the electrochemical applications described herein, exceed those for the comparable second-generation RTILs. For example, the ionic conductivity and viscosity for 60.0-40.0 mole percent (or 60 mol%) AlCl 3 -1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 2 mim]Cl) are 17.1 mS cm −1 and 15.35 mPa s, respectively, at 298 K.8 (In the interest of brevity, we will refer to the composition of these ionic liquids by simply stating only the amount of the aluminum halide.) On the other ...

show abstract

Section: Electrodeposition Aluminum Alloys From Haloaluminate Rtilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Tsuda

Stafford

Hussey

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A representative ionic liquid used for the electrodeposition of Al alloys is Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC)-AlCl 3 (where the AlCl 3 /EMIC molar ratio >1). Reports on the electrodeposition of Al alloys including Al-Ni, 13 Al-Ti, 14 Al-V, 15 Al-Zr, 16 Al-Mo, 17 Al-Mn, 18 and Al-Hf 19 are available in the literature. A previous study revealed that electrodeposition in a EMIC-AlCl 3 bath with the addition of W(IV) chloride (WCl 4 ) yielded Al-W alloys, but the W content was lower than 1 at.%.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodeposition of Al-W Alloy Films in a 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Chloride-AlCl₃Ionic Liquid Containing W₆Cl₁₂

Higashino

Miyake

Fujii

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The electrodeposition of Al-W alloy films in a Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (EMIC)-AlCl 3 ionic liquid using W 6 Cl 12 as the W ion source was investigated. W 6 Cl 12 dissolved in the ionic liquid at a higher concentration than other W ion sources used in previous studies. Potentiostatic electrodeposition was performed in a bath containing W 6 Cl 12 at a concentration of 49 mM. Dense Al-W alloy films containing up to 12 at.% W were electrodeposited at potentials more negative than 0 V vs. Al/Al(III). The deposition current density at >0 V was lower than 0.3 mA cm −2 , while that for Al-W alloy films was higher and reached 38 mA cm −2 at −0.5 V. The deposition of W was induced by the deposition of Al. At lower W concentrations, the Al-W alloy films were composed of a super-saturated solid solution, and in the W content range of 9-12 at.% they comprised an amorphous phase. Potentiodynamic polarization and nano-indentation showed that the Al-W alloy films containing 10-12 at.% W exhibited high pitting corrosion resistance, high hardness, and low Young's modulus. Al metal has high oxidation and corrosion resistance, and its chloride-induced pitting corrosion resistance is enhanced by alloying with transition metals. Consequently, Al-transition metal alloys have attracted much research attention as corrosion-protective materials. Among these alloys, Al-W alloys containing approximately 10 at.% are known to exhibit the greatest resistance to pitting corrosion. 1Since the maximum solubility of W in Al phases is only 0.022 at.% at 640• C in the equilibrium state, 2 the formation of Al-W alloy films having high corrosion resistances requires non-equilibrium processes, such as sputtering, 1,3-8 ion implantation, 9 and electrodeposition. 10-12Of these methods, electrodeposition has particular advantages in that a uniform film can be formed relatively quickly and continuously, onto substrates having complex shapes, using simple equipment. Various Al-based alloy films have been electrodeposited in molten salts such as NaCl-AlCl 3 with the addition of ion sources for the alloy component. Recently, electrodeposition using ionic liquids has become more popular owing to their low melting point and low volatility. A representative ionic liquid used for the electrodeposition of Al alloys is Lewis acidic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC)-AlCl 3 (where the AlCl 3 /EMIC molar ratio >1 Al-Mn, 18 and Al-Hf 19 are available in the literature. A previous study revealed that electrodeposition in a EMIC-AlCl 3 bath with the addition of W(IV) chloride (WCl 4 ) yielded Al-W alloys, but the W content was lower than 1 at.%.10 Recently, the electrodeposition of Al-W alloy films from an EMIC-AlCl 3 bath with the addition of the W(III) compound K 3 W 2 Cl 9 was reported.11,12 Although the W content of the Al-W alloys reached nearly 96 at.%, the deposits with high W content had powdery morphologies. When the current density was high (>20 mA cm −2 ), dense Al-W alloy films were obtained, but the W content decreased t...

show abstract

“…Of the electrodeposited alloys in this list, amorphous Al-Mo alloys show the best resistance to chloride-induced pitting corrosion (ca. +0.8 V vs. pure Al) [5]. However, we found that the addition of a relatively small amount of a second transition element, notably Mn, significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the Al-Mo alloy system [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…[10]. As discussed in the article, in the pure melt, a stripping wave for electrodeposited Al initiates at around 0 V, but this wave is replaced by waves corresponding to the stripping of the electrodeposited Al-Mo or Al-Ti alloys in those solutions containing Mo(II) or Ti(II), respectively [5,11]. Cyclic staircase voltammograms recorded in the 66.7 m/o RTIL containing both Mo(II) and Ti(II), regardless of the Mo(II)/Ti(II) concentration ratio, C Mo(II) /C Ti(II) , are more or less similar in appearance to that recorded in the Mo(II) solution.…”

Section: Characterization Of the Electrodepositsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fundamental Research on Biomedical Application of Al-Mo-Ti Alloy Electrodeposited from AlCl<sub>3</sub>‒1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Melt

Tsuda

Arimoto

Kuwabata

2010

Trans. Mat. Res. Soc. Japan

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The electrodeposition of ternary Al-Mo-Ti alloy was examined in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 percent mole fraction aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl) room-temperature ionic liquid containing both (Mo 6 Cl 8 )Cl 4 and TiCl 2 . All of the electrodeposited Al-Mo-Ti alloys were dense and compact, and they adhered well to the copper substrate. In simulated body fluid, e.g., Ringer's solution, the Al-Mo-Ti alloy showed better corrosion resistance than pure nickel although it was somewhat inferior to 316 L stainless steel that is one of typical metallic biomaterials. Open circuit experiments in Ringer's solution suggested that amorphous Al-Mo alloy is superior to Al-Ti and Al-Mo-Ti alloys as a metallic biomaterial because of the formation of more stable passivation layer.Key words: ionic liquid, molten salt, electrodeposition, aluminum alloy, biomaterial INTRODUCTIONSupersaturated, single-phase binary aluminum-transition metal alloys show increased resistance to chloride-induced pitting corrosion compared to pure Al.Some examples of these "stainless" aluminum alloys that have been prepared to date include Al-V, Al-Nb, Al-Ti, Al-Cr, Al-Mo, and Al-W [1, 2]. Because the solute metal must be present in the Al at concentrations greatly exceeding their usual equilibrium solubilities (< 1 atomic percent (a/o)) so as to enhance the corrosion resistance, non-equilibrium alloying methods such as melt spinning, ion implantation, and sputter deposition are required to prepare these materials. Isothermal electrodeposition from chloroaluminate ionic liquids, particularly those that are liquid at room-temperature, e.g., AlCl 3 -1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (EtMeImCl), offers a low-temperature route to thin films of these interesting and potentially useful materials. All of the alloys cited above have been prepared by electrodeposition from this or related chloroaluminate ionic liquids [3,4]. Of the electrodeposited alloys in this list, amorphous Al-Mo alloys show the best resistance to chloride-induced pitting corrosion (ca. +0.8 V vs. pure Al) [5]. However, we found that the addition of a relatively small amount of a second transition element, notably Mn, significantly improves the corrosion resistance of the Al-Mo alloy system [6].In this article, we introduce our recent experiments involving the galvanostatic electrodeposition of ternary Al-Mo-Ti alloy in the Lewis acidic 66.7-33.3 percent mole fraction (m/o) AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl room-temperature ionic liquid (described hereafter as 66.7 m/o RTIL) containing both (Mo 6 Cl 8 )Cl 4 and TiCl 2 . The purpose of this investigation is to obtain fundamental data when the Al-Mo-Ti alloy prepared from the 66.7 m/o RTIL is

show abstract

Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt

Cited by 85 publications

References 40 publications

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Electrodeposition of Al-W Alloy Films in a 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Chloride-AlCl₃Ionic Liquid Containing W₆Cl₁₂

Fundamental Research on Biomedical Application of Al-Mo-Ti Alloy Electrodeposited from AlCl<sub>3</sub>‒1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Melt

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Electrodeposition of Al-Mo Alloys from the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Molten Salt

Cited by 85 publications

References 40 publications

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Review—Electrochemical Surface Finishing and Energy Storage Technology with Room-Temperature Haloaluminate Ionic Liquids and Mixtures

Electrodeposition of Al-W Alloy Films in a 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Chloride-AlCl3Ionic Liquid Containing W6Cl12

Fundamental Research on Biomedical Application of Al-Mo-Ti Alloy Electrodeposited from AlCl<sub>3</sub>‒1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Melt

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Electrodeposition of Al-W Alloy Films in a 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Chloride-AlCl₃Ionic Liquid Containing W₆Cl₁₂