Electrodeposited Biocoatings, Their Properties and Fabrication Technologies: A Review

Abstract

Coatings deposited under an electric field are applied for the surface modification of biomaterials. This review is aimed to characterize the state-of-art in this area with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of used methods, process determinants, and properties of coatings. Over 170 articles, published mainly during the last ten years, were chosen, and reviewed as the most representative. The most recent developments of metallic, ceramic, polymer, and composite electrodeposited coatings are described focusing on their microstructure and properties. The direct cathodic electrodeposition, pulse cathodic deposition, electrophoretic deposition, plasma electrochemical oxidation in electrolytes rich in phosphates and calcium ions, electro-spark, and electro-discharge methods are characterized. The effects of electrolyte composition, potential and current, pH, and temperature are discussed. The review demonstrates that the most popular are direct and pulse cathodic electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition. The research is mainly aimed to introduce new coatings rather than to investigate the effects of process parameters on the properties of deposits. So far tests aim to enhance bioactivity, mechanical strength and adhesion, antibacterial efficiency, and to a lesser extent the corrosion resistance.

Electrochemical Surface Biofunctionalization of Titanium through Growth of TiO2 Nanotubes and Deposition of Zn Doped Hydroxyapatite

“…At higher magnification, the SEM images highlight that the coatings' morphology consists of elongated ribbon-like crystals, very thin, within the nanometric scale, forming a complex morphology that resemble a 3D architecture. All coatings have crystallized perpendicular on the substrate, which is characteristic for the electrochemical deposition process [52].…”

Advances in Multifunctional Bioactive Coatings for Metallic Bone Implants

“…The critical factor for adhesion is surface roughness. For ceramics that cannot dissociate from ions, their deposition on the metal base is difficult and the obtained surfaces are often non-homogeneous and non-stoichiometric [129].…”

Hydroxyapatite coatings: a critical review on electrodeposition parametric variations influencing crystal facet orientation towards enhanced electrochemical sensing

“…Additionally, comprehensive reviews have been reported on adhesion quality towards bio-metallic substrates 47 , electrical nature of HAp [48][49][50] , heterogeneous organocatalytic aspects of HAp with emphasis on stability and reusability 51 , and a specific review on cationic, anionic, and multi-ionic substitutions of the lattice atoms of HAp 52 . In the field of electrodeposition, a general review of electrodeposited biocoatings 53 and a review focusing on the influence of applied current has been reported 54 . However, there has not been any comprehensive publication exploring the myriad of driving and assisting electrochemical deposition parameters influencing nucleation and crystal orientation with a specific applicative focus on the influence of hexagonal HAp crystal systems towards sensing of various electrolytic and gaseous species.…”