Electroconvulsive shock as a traumatic (fear-producing) experience in the albino rat.

Neural consolidation and electroconvulsive shock reexamined.

“…Thus, this evidence indicates quite clearly that anesthesia does not, as Lewis and Maher conclude, prevent retrograde amnesia. Anesthesia does, however, seem to attenuate the pseudoamnesia as well as the aversive effects produced by multiple ECS treatments (Friedman, 1953).…”

“…See text for details.) cate that the effects produced by a series of ECS treatments are not found when the electroshock stimulation is administered while the animals are anesthetized (e.g., Friedman, 1953). However, the results of recent experiments clearly indicate that the retrograde amnesia produced by a single ECS is obtained even when the electroshock stimulation is delivered while the animals are anesthetized.…”

Electroconvulsive thresholds as related to stimulus parameters of unidirectional ECS.

“…Studies by Friedman (1953) and Hovorka (1958c) have shown that animals subjected to ECS learned to avoid the region in which the ECS was administered even though the animals were removed from the experimental situation before the termination of the convulsion. Hovorka (1958b, 19S8a) has determined the relative depressive effects of ECS differing in pulse duration, pulse frequency, and intensity of the current.…”

Depression of bar-press responding as related to stimulus parameters of interjected unidirectional square-wave ECS.

“…Studies by Hayes (3), Friedman (2), and Hovorka (5) have found that conventional 60-cycle a.c. convulsive stimulation results in depression of response rates and avoidance of the experimental situation in which the current is administered. In the studies of Friedman and of Hovovka the animals were removed from the experimental situation immediately after the presentation of the ECS.…”