Electroconvulsive shock and inhibition: Some problems considered.

Lewis, Donald J.; Maher, Brendan A.

doi:10.1037/h0023473

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…The first came from Lewis' group, showing that, when the rat received a reminder a day or two after avoidance training, memory was susceptible to ECS-induced amnesia, a phenomenon they called "cue-dependent amnesia" (Lewis and Maher 1965;Misanin et al 1968;Lewis 1969). The phenomenon was later replicated by Mactutus et al (1979), using hypothermia as the amnesic agent.…”

Section: Cue-dependent Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In 1965, Lewis published a review of the ECS-induced amnesia literature, containing already at this early date over 40 references, concluding that they do not provide unequivocal support for the consolidation hypothesis. This early critical review rapidly raised a polemic public debate, the flavor of which can be gleaned from notes published in Psychological Review (Lewis and Maher 1965;McGaugh and Petrinovich 1965;Lewis and Maher 1966). Subsequent to this debate, scores of papers appeared from many different laboratories questioning the interpretation of experimental amnesia studies in terms of blockade of memory consolidation.…”

Section: Challenges To Interpretation Of Amnesia As Consolidation Faimentioning

confidence: 99%

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In memory of consolidation

Sara¹,

Hars²

2006

Learn. Mem.

101

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How an animal learns, remembers, and uses information to guide adaptive behavior remains one of the most challenging questions in science today. Much progress was made in the twentieth century, and new tools available to neurobiological investigators have accelerated progress in the new century. Nevertheless, the road has been rocky and progress sometimes impeded by periodic polemic debates at a conceptual level. Retrospective examination of the nature of the divisive issues and how they were (or were not) resolved could help steer a new generation of investigators away from similar pitfalls and impasses. The same applies to scientists from other disciplines, recently joining in the "search for the engram," who might not be aware of the vast literature generated, mainly by psychologists, in the middle decades of the last century. Our purpose here is not to furnish a complete review of this literature, but to provide a historical perspective for some of the unresolved issues that continue to be discussed within the context of the field of neurobiology of memory. For more general reviews, refer to McGaugh (2000) and Dudai (2004).Scientific investigation of memory processes was initiated at the end of the 19th century by psychologists in Germany, Ebbinghaus (1885) and then Müeller and Pilzecker (1900). Their studies of verbal learning and retention in human subjects led them to conclude that a memory trace was formed gradually over time after acquisition and they coined the term consolidation. Contemporary with this were the very influential clinical observations and theoretical elaborations of the French psychiatrist, Ribot (1882). From his studies of amnesic patients, he formulated "La loi de regression," which simply notes that, as memories age, they become more resistant to trauma-induced amnesia. Consolidation and retrograde amnesiaThe first animal model of amnesia is attributed to another psychologist, C.P. Duncan, who in 1945 published a paper entitled "The effect of electroshock convulsions on the maze habit in the white rat" (Duncan 1945). This was followed in 1948 by "Habit reversal deficit induced by electroshock in the rat" (Duncan 1948), culminating with "The retroactive effect of electroshock on learning" (Duncan 1949). In his first studies, Duncan administered an electroconvulsive shock (ECS) after each daily trial in a complex maze and showed an inverse relationship between the speed of learning and the delay between the trial and the amnestic treatment. In his 1949 paper he concluded that his experiments provided direct evidence for Müeller and Pilzecker's hypothesis stating that post-learning neural perseveration was necessary for consolidating memory. ECS disrupted this activity, thereby preventing post-acquisition memory consolidation. In the same year, and quite independently of Duncan's results, Hebb (1949) formalized this old idea that propagating or recurrent impulses of a specific spatio-temporal pattern underlie initial memory. This provided a strong rationale for the use of ECS as an am...

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Section: Cue-dependent Amnesiamentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Challenges To Interpretation Of Amnesia As Consolidation Faimentioning

confidence: 99%

In memory of consolidation

Sara¹,

Hars²

2006

Learn. Mem.

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Such interruptions show the predicted effect, that is memory decrement, as an inverse function of time after stimulus presentation (up to a point), but interpretation of the data is not unequivocal. Alternative hypotheses often include competition or interference (Lewis and Adams, 1963;Coons and Miller, 1960) and lowered arousal (Lewis and Maher, 1965; see also the exchange between McGaugh andPetrinovich, 1966, andMaher, 1966). One of the major obstacles to a choicc among these explanations has been a lack of knowledge regarding the precise effects on the organism of both ECS and chemicals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles of cognitive reverberation

1967

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A series of experiments was carried out as part of a continuing program of research based on a conceptual model of the mind. The specific function under empirical scrutiny was a cognitive feedback loop presumed to sustain network activity autonomously for a period of time until the loop gradually dies down. This reverberatory process was explored intensively in a female subject by means of a salience technique consisting of the oral presentation of a string of six consonants, to which she merely listened, and her subsequent report of whatever consonants spontaneously “popped into mind.” The interval between stimulus presentation and her report contained various filler activities, such as counting beats of a metronome or looking at colored travel slides, and varied in duration. The key experimental intervention was a brief excursion into deep hypnosis at some point during the interval, which served to disrupt cognitive processing and permitted inferences to be drawn concerning reverberation. The following principles were derived from the data:. 1. Reverberation consists of autonomous reactivation of a network by the signal transmitted from that network at the time of its original activation. 2. Reverberation takes place independently of conscious awareness. 3. The reverberating signal is strongest at the time of network activation and gradually decreases until it dissipates. 4. Barring disruption, a single series of reverberations from a transient network apparently can last for hours. 5. Reverberation acts to retard, in proportion to its own intensity, the intrinsic rate of decay in network strength. 6. The course of reverberation is a direct function of current amplification level in the system. 7. For a given level of amplification, strength of the reverberating signal is an inverse function of the strength of competing signals in process.

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“…Presently contending hypothetical mechanisms are being couched in terms of retrograde amnesia, induction of fear, production of competing response tendencies, and retrieval (as opp~d to m.emory) deficits (cf. Duncan, 1949;Glickman, 1961;McGaugh & Petrinovich, 1966;Coons & Miller, 1960;McIver & Nielson, 1966;Adams & Lewis, 1962;Lewis & Maher, 1966;Nielson, 1968;Nielson, Justesen, & Porter, 1969).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation of retroactive inhibition by a single electroconvulsive shock

et al. 1969

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A retroactively interfering reversal habit. a left or right turn in a single-unit water maze. was learned by 28 rats. The in terpolated habit was immediately Jiillowed in 14 of the animals by a single elee troshoek eon vulsion. R eliable "interferenee with retroaetive interferenee" was found: shoek animals were superior in demonstrating retention of originallearning. This [inding is diseussed with re[erenee to major behavioral theories o[ ECS and interpreted as being more nearly supportive of amnesie. as opposed to fear-induetion or eompeting-response. meehanisms.

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Electroconvulsive shock and inhibition: Some problems considered.

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

In memory of consolidation

In memory of consolidation

Principles of cognitive reverberation

Attenuation of retroactive inhibition by a single electroconvulsive shock

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