Electrocoagulation as an efficacious technology for the treatment of wastewater containing active pharmaceutical compounds: a review

Ahmad, Azhan; Priyadarshini, Monali; Das, Sovik; Ghangrekar, Makarand M.

doi:10.1080/01496395.2021.1972011

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…As shown in Table 1 , ATL was significantly more abundant than MPL in wastewater globally. ATL was also recorded to have a substantially higher occurrence in Asian wastewater than in other regions such as Europe and America (Ahmad et al 2021 ). Several reasons could explain the non-detection of ATL and MPL in our study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia

Astuti

Notodarmojo

Priadi

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study provides the first set of quantitative data on the occurrence and fate of a wide range of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in Indonesia’s largest wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP employs waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) as the secondary treatment before discharging the effluent to the Citarum River. Fourteen out of twenty-two monitored CECs were detected in the wastewater influent, and seven were present in the effluent, with a total concentration of 29.8 ± 0.4 µg/L and 0.5 ± 0.0 µg/L, respectively. The occurrence of the CECs in this study was found to be well correlated with their possible use and known detection in surface waters in Indonesia. Caffeine (CAF) at 12.2 ± 0.1 µg/L, acetaminophen (ACT) at 9.1 ± 0.1 µg/L, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) at 5.0 ± 0.1 µg/L, ibuprofen (IBU) at 2.3 ± 0.0 µg/L, and triclosan (TCS) at 470 ± 64 ng/L were discovered as the five most prevalent CECs, followed by bisphenol A (BPA), trimethoprim (TMP), Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), sulfamethazine (SMZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), fluoxetine (FLX), benzotriazole (BTA), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and metformin (METF). Biodegradable CECs (SMX, SMZ, ACT, IBU, TCS, BPA, CAF, DEET, and TMP) were efficiently removed (83–100%) by the WSP. In contrast, recalcitrant CECs achieved poor removal efficiencies (e.g., FLX at 24%), and for others, treatment processes even resulted in elevated concentrations in the effluent (CBZ by 85%, TCEP by 149%, and BTA by 92%). The CECs’ influent concentrations were determined to pose a moderate aquatic cumulative risk, while no such risk was associated with their effluent concentrations. The study demonstrates the importance of conventional WWTPs in reducing the concentrations of CECs to minimize their aquatic contamination risk. The findings are relevant for countries, such as Indonesia, with limited resources for advanced centralized wastewater treatments, and which are exploring the efficacy of centralized WSP against the existing decentralized treatments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia

Astuti

Notodarmojo

Priadi

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The main advantages of using electrocoagulation treatment are its easy chemical maintenance and high efficiency for colloidal particle removal. However, electricity and sacrificial electrodes are the main drawbacks of using this method, as they need to be replaced [63].…”

Section: Technologies For Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Natural Coagulants for Pharmaceutical Removal from Water and Wastewater: A Review

Alazaiza

Albahnasawi

Ali

et al. 2022

Water

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Pharmaceutical contamination threatens both humans and the environment, and several technologies have been adapted for the removal of pharmaceuticals. The coagulation-flocculation process demonstrates a feasible solution for pharmaceutical removal. However, the chemical coagulation process has its drawbacks, such as excessive and toxic sludge production and high production cost. To overcome these shortcomings, the feasibility of natural-based coagulants, due to their biodegradability, safety, and availability, has been investigated by several researchers. This review presented the recent advances of using natural coagulants for pharmaceutical compound removal from aqueous solutions. The main mechanisms of natural coagulants for pharmaceutical removal from water and wastewater are charge neutralization and polymer bridges. Natural coagulants extracted from plants are more commonly investigated than those extracted from animals due to their affordability. Natural coagulants are competitive in terms of their performance and environmental sustainability. Developing a reliable extraction method is required, and therefore further investigation is essential to obtain a complete insight regarding the performance and the effect of environmental factors during pharmaceutical removal by natural coagulants. Finally, the indirect application of natural coagulants is an essential step for implementing green water and wastewater treatment technologies.

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“…By increasing the NaCl concentrations in the range of 0.25-2 g/L in the solution, the ATL removal efficiency decreased from about 70% to less than 60%. Many studies have found NaCl as the best auxiliary electrolyte (28,29). The NaCl usage has benefits, so the chloride ions could considerably diminish the contrary results of other anions, like HCO 3 and SO 4 2-…”

Section: Effect Of Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced electro-Fenton processes by persulfate radical for atenolol oxidation from aqueous solution

Chatraee

Ebrahimi

Fatehizadeh

2022

Environ Health Eng Manag

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Background: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a group of emerging environmental pollutants that have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their harmful effects on aquatic environment, animals, and humans. Thus, it is necessary to remove these contaminants from water resources. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of enhanced electro-Fenton (EF) process by persulfate (PS) radical for removal of atenolol (ATL) from aqueous solutions. Methods: The bench scale experimental setup was used to examine the factors affecting the ATL removal efficiency from synthetic wastewater; supporting electrolyte type, pH, contact time, PS concentration, Fe concentration, and ATL initial concentration. Results: Based on the results, ATL removal efficiency of 78.6% was reached under the optimum conditions of enhanced EF process by PS radical. The optimum conditions included NaCl (as a supporting electrolyte) dose of 0.5 g/L, pH 5, contact time of 60 minutes, PS dose of 0.15 g/L, Fe dose of 0.15 g/L, current density (CD) of 1.5 A/m2 , and ATL concentration of 40 mg/L. Kinetic model was following the second-order kinetics. Conclusion: The studied advanced oxidation process (AOP) can effectively remove ATL from aqueous solutions. Therefore, it can be used as an effective technique for removing other organic matter from the wastewater.

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Electrocoagulation as an efficacious technology for the treatment of wastewater containing active pharmaceutical compounds: a review

Cited by 26 publications

References 124 publications

Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia

Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia

Application of Natural Coagulants for Pharmaceutical Removal from Water and Wastewater: A Review

Enhanced electro-Fenton processes by persulfate radical for atenolol oxidation from aqueous solution

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