Electroclinical Features of Convulsions Induced by Stimulation of Brain Stem

Kreindler, A; Zuckermann, Emil C.; Steriade, Mircea; Chimion, D.

doi:10.1152/jn.1958.21.5.430

Cited by 142 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…Whereas generalized clonic seizures require the integrity of forebrain structures for their expression (Browning and Nelson, 1986;Magistris et al, 1988;Browning et al, 1993), brainstem circuitry is both necessary and sufficient for the expression of running/bouncing and tonic motor manifestations (Kreindler et al, 1958;Browning and Nelson, 1986). Thus, the progression of flurothyl-induced seizure behaviors seen after exposure to our paradigm appears to be the result of an initial activation of the forebrain system followed rapidly by activation of the brainstem seizure system.…”

Section: Changes In Seizure Behaviormentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Because running / bouncing seizures and generalized tonic seizure manifestations can be elicited in the absence of forebrain connections (Kreindler et al, 1958;Browning and Nelson, 1986), these seizure behaviors have been collectively referred to as "brainstem seizures." Therefore, generalized seizures featuring any of the motor behaviors defined above as grades 3-7 are designated "brainstem seizures."…”

Section: Behavioral Rating Of Flurothyl-induced Seizuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repeated Generalized Seizures Induce Time-Dependent Changes in the Behavioral Seizure Response Independent of Continued Seizure Induction

Samoriski

Applegate

1997

J. Neurosci.

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This study examined both the acute and long-lasting changes in seizure susceptibility that occur in response to the repeated induction of generalized seizure activity. Daily flurothyl-induced generalized clonic seizures resulted in a progressive decrease in both the generalized seizure threshold and the latency to the first myoclonic jerk. The threshold reduction was significant as early as the second trial and was maximal by trial 5. However, a minimum of eight seizures was necessary for the maximal reduction to be long-lasting. The present study also examined the effects of the number of seizures and the duration of the stimulation-free interval on the type of generalized seizure expressed. During the induction phase of the experiment, only generalized clonic seizures ("forebrain seizures") were expressed. If, however, the animal was retested after a 1, 2, 3, or 4 week stimulation-free interval, a progressive increase in both the proportion of animals expressing "brainstem seizure" behaviors and the median seizure score was observed. The progression of flurothyl-induced generalized seizure behaviors was significantly altered if (1) a minimum of eight generalized clonic seizures had been expressed, and (2) a minimum of a 2 week stimulation-free interval followed. Fewer generalized clonic seizures failed to reliably produce changes in seizure phenotype, even after extended stimulus-free intervals. These data indicate that specific kindling processes are initiated during the interval of repeated seizure induction and evolve in the absence of continued seizure induction. Furthermore, these mechanisms of epileptogenesis were found to be manifest predominantly as a change in the seizure phenotype expressed and to proceed independent of changes in the generalized seizure threshold.

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Section: Changes In Seizure Behaviormentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Behavioral Rating Of Flurothyl-induced Seizuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Generalized Seizures Induce Time-Dependent Changes in the Behavioral Seizure Response Independent of Continued Seizure Induction

Samoriski

Applegate

1997

J. Neurosci.

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“…Although the functional anatomy of this convulsive process is yet unclear, substantial evidence suggests that subcortical brain regions, through their widespread cortical connections, play a major role in the propagation and perhaps initiation of these attacks. Early studies demonstrated numerous facilitatory and inhibitory influences on seizure activity in both the brain stem and diencephalon (Morison and Dempsey, 1942;Jasper and Droogleever-Fortuyn, 1946;Hunter and Jasper, 1949;Ingvar, 1955a, b;Ralston and Ajmone-Marsan, 1956;Kriendler et al, 1958;Andy and Mukawa, 1959;Bergman et al, 1963;Guerrero-Figueroa et al, 1963;Weir, 1964) and suggested important roles for diffusely organized regions such as the reticular formations of the pons, mesencephalon, and thalamus. Specific areas of the subcortex have also been associated with seizure mechanisms, including the hypothalamus (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945;Jasper and Droogleever-Fortuyn, 1946;Green and Morin, 1953;Gellhorn et al, 1959) fields of Fore1 (Jinnai, 1966;Jinnai et al, 1969;Jinnai and Mukawa, 1970), substantia nigra (Iadarola and Gale, 1982;Garant and Gale, 1983;Gonzalez and Hettinger, 1984;McNamara et al, 1983McNamara et al, , 1984, and several thalamic nuclei (Mullen et al, 1967;Jinnai et al, 1969;Feeney and Gullotta, 1972;Kusske et al, 1972;Van Straaten, 1975;Quesney et al, 1977).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interruption of the connections of the mammillary bodies protects against generalized pentylenetetrazol seizures in guinea pigs

Ma¹,

Ja²

1987

J. Neurosci.

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Electrolytic lesions in the anterior and mid-diencephalon and ventral midbrain in guinea pigs were produced to examine the effects of interruption of the fornix (FX), mammillothalamic tracts (MT), and mammillary peduncles (MP), respectively, on the expression of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures. As a group, all mid-diencephalic lesioned animals had some degree of protection from the electroencephalographic and behavioral convulsant and lethal effects of the drug. Through a composite volume analysis of protected versus unprotected animals, as well as a retrospective comparison between MT and non-MT lesioned animals, it was demonstrated that small mid-diencephalic lesions incorporating only the MTs and their immediate vicinity were capable of completely preventing the convulsant and lethal effects of PTZ. Lesions of the FX and MP were also protective against PTZ seizures but to a lesser degree than the MT lesions.These results demonstrate that the major afferent and efferent connections of the mammillary bodies are involved in expressing PTZ seizure activity and suggest that the MT may be the major pathway mediating paroxysmal activity from brain stem to the thalamus.The expression of generalized seizures is characterized by bilateral and synchronous activation of cortical and subcortical brain regions. Although the functional anatomy of this convulsive process is yet unclear, substantial evidence suggests that subcortical brain regions, through their widespread cortical connections, play a major role in the propagation and perhaps initiation of these attacks. Early studies demonstrated numerous facilitatory and inhibitory influences on seizure activity in both the brain stem and diencephalon (Morison and Dempsey, 1942;Jasper and Droogleever-Fortuyn, 1946;Hunter and Jasper, 1949; Ingvar, 1955a, b;Ralston and Ajmone-Marsan, 1956;Kriendler et al., 1958;Andy and Mukawa, 1959; Bergman et al., 1963;Guerrero-Figueroa et al., 1963;Weir, 1964) and suggested important roles for diffusely organized regions such as the reticular formations of the pons, mesencephalon, and thalamus. Specific areas of the subcortex have also been associated with seizure mechanisms, including the hypothalamus (Murphy and Gellhorn, 1945;Jasper and Droogleever-Fortuyn, 1946; Green and Received Jan. 13, 1986; revised Aug. 28, 1986; accepted Sept. 4, 1986 (Jinnai, 1966;Jinnai et al., 1969;Jinnai and Mukawa, 1970), substantia nigra (Iadarola and Gale, 1982;Garant and Gale, 1983;Gonzalez and Hettinger, 1984; McNamara et al., 1983McNamara et al., , 1984, and several thalamic nuclei (Mullen et al., 1967;Jinnai et al., 1969;Feeney and Gullotta, 1972;Kusske et al., 1972;Van Straaten, 1975;Quesney et al., 1977).Recently we observed the selective metabolic activation of the mammillary bodies (MB) and their immediate connections during a threshold convulsive stimulus induced by the co-infusion of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and ethosuximide (ESM) (Mirski and Ferrendelli, 1983). We also reported preliminary data demonstrating that the interruption of the mamm...

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“…As we previously reported (3), TE seizure induced by maximal electroshock was closely related with potent muscle contraction, and neither the duration nor magnitude of EMG seizures induced by maximal electroshock was inhibited by ethosuximide, even at a dose of 1000 mg/ kg. Kreindler et al (17) and Bergmann et al (18) demonstrated that the mesencephalic reticular formation is responsible for the occurrence of TE seizure in rats and rabbits. As shown in the present data, ethosuximide caused no inhibition of TE seizure because the action site of ethosuximide was the thalamus and cortex as reported by Pellegrini et al (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Various Antiepileptics on Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Seizures Induced by Maximal Electroshock in Mice

et al. 2008

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Abstract. The changes of electroencephalogram induced by maximal electroshock were studied in comparison with behavioral seizures in mice. After electroshock, mice showed tonic flexor (TF) seizure, tonic extensor (TE) seizure, and clonic (CL) seizure, in this order of occurrence. At the same time, high frequency spike or spike and wave complex in the cortex was observed, and thereafter, the frequency of the spike or spike and wave complex gradually fell. The antiepileptics used in the present study, except for ethosuximide, caused a dose-dependent shortening of the TE seizure duration. In addition, phenobarbital and carbamazepine at relatively high doses also showed a significant shortening of the duration of CL seizure. Although the duration of total electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures was not influenced by all the antiepileptics used in the present study, the duration of high frequency spike or spike and wave complex observed for 7 -8 s after electroshock was dose-dependently shortened by all the antiepileptics used. From these findings, it may be concluded that high frequency spike or spike and wave complex induced by maximal electroshock is a useful index to assess antiepileptics that are effective in not only tonic-clonic seizures but also absence seizures in humans.

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Electroclinical Features of Convulsions Induced by Stimulation of Brain Stem

Cited by 142 publications

References 0 publications

Repeated Generalized Seizures Induce Time-Dependent Changes in the Behavioral Seizure Response Independent of Continued Seizure Induction

Repeated Generalized Seizures Induce Time-Dependent Changes in the Behavioral Seizure Response Independent of Continued Seizure Induction

Interruption of the connections of the mammillary bodies protects against generalized pentylenetetrazol seizures in guinea pigs

Effects of Various Antiepileptics on Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Seizures Induced by Maximal Electroshock in Mice

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