Electrochromic materials containing pyridinium salt and benzoate moieties with dual-colored and long-life performance

An energy-saving, bending sensitive, and self-healing PVA-borax-IL ternary hydrogel electrolyte for visual flexible electrochromic strain sensors

“…It's markedly lower than the power consumption of a liquid-state ECD. 64 The above results indicate that the ECD with PVA-borax-IL 0.3 as the conductive electrolyte and AVCOOEt as the ECM has the advantages of low coloration voltage, large optical modulation, high coloration efficiency, rapid response, good cycling stability, and low energy consumption compared with previous reports that used PAAm, 24 PVA-borax, 21,55,65 or P(GMA 2 -AAm 8 )borate 23 as the conductive electrolytes (Table 1). Compared to the ECD with P(VDF-co-HFP)-IL as the conductive electrolyte and CN-PV 2+ as the ECM, 66 it has slightly higher coloration voltage and power consumption, but has a faster response and a higher CE.…”

Recent Advance in Electrochromic Materials and Devices for Display Applications

“…[1] Subsequently, in the 1830s, Kobosev and Nekrasov discovered the electrochemical coloration in blocky tungsten oxide. [2] In 1961, Platt published the electrochromic (EC) phenomenon by using dyes, [3] prompting further investigations on EC technologies and electrochromic devices (ECDs). [4][5][6][7] EC technology has garnered significant attention due to its potential applications in a wide range of fields, such as smart windows, electronic skin, transparent displays, and anti-glare glasses.…”

“…Subsequently, in the 1830s, Kobosev and Nekrasov discovered the electrochemical coloration in blocky tungsten oxide [2] . In 1961, Platt published the electrochromic (EC) phenomenon by using dyes, [3] prompting further investigations on EC technologies and electrochromic devices (ECDs) [4–7] …”

4,4’-(Thiophene-2,5-diylbis(ethyne-2,1-diyl))bis(1-methyl-1-pyridinium) Iodide

“…The term viologen originally referred to quaternary 4,4 ′ -bipyridinium salts, in which the nitrogen rings are directly connected; however, over time, it has started to be used for related compounds possessing more than two charged pyridyl rings or a conjugated moiety as a spacer between them, since such structures retain the peculiar properties of actual viologens [7]. Among these properties, the most useful one is probably represented by the presence of three reversible and stable redox states, often characterized by different colors, from which another typical behavior of viologens arises, that is, electrochromism [8,9]. This characteristic makes viologens and their analogues a convenient choice for a large number of optoelectronic and energy-related applications, including memory devices [10], molecular switches [11], photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution [12] and different types of batteries [13,14].…”