Electrochromic Materials

Oi, Tetsu

doi:10.1146/annurev.ms.16.080186.001153

Cited by 79 publications

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“…Materials with this structure may be described has the general formula A x PR(CN) 6 . Nitrogen-coordinated transition metal cations (P) and hexacyanometalate complexes (R(CN) 6 ) form a face-centered cubic open framework containing large interstitial A sites, which may be partially, or fully, occupied by a number of different, generally hydrated, ions in this structure. This is illustrated in Figure 1.…”

Section: Materials With the Hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Review—A New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Battery Electrodes

Huggins

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Energy storage related to transient energy sources, such as solar and wind, and their integration with the energy distribution grid is getting increased attention. The characteristics required for this type of storage are quite different from those for energy storage in portable devices. Size and weight are not so important. Instead, matters such as power, cost, calendar life, cycle life, and safety are critical. A new family of hexacyanoferrate materials with the same type of open framework crystal structure as Prussian Blue has been recently developed with characteristics ideally suited for this type of application. Several monovalent cations can be rapidly and reversibly inserted into these materials, with very little crystallographic distortion. This can result in high rates and long cycle lives. A new type of composite negative electrode materials has also been developed that has the rapid kinetics typical of carbon electrodes, with a potential that varies little with the state of charge. The result is the development of a new battery system, the ferrocyanide / stabilized carbon, MHCF-SC, system. It is the purpose of this paper to review these developments. Most of the recent research and commercial development of batteries has focused on materials systems that are primarily suitable for use in portable electronics or for vehicle propulsion, where the amount of energy storage per unit weight or volume is typically the critical issue. This generally involves batteries that operate by the reversible insertion of lithium ions.However, the increasing use of intermittent power sources, such as wind and solar, and their integration with the electrical power grid, requires the development of low cost, large-scale energy storage systems with a different set of characteristics.It is generally understood that the output from solar systems varies with the time of day as the sun moves across the sky. But there is also another problem with the use of this energy source. This has to do with the appearance of short-term transients in solar radiation, due to the sporadic presence of cloud cover. Clouds can greatly reduce the effectiveness of solar energy systems, sometimes over a relatively short time scale.A similar problem is often present in wind-driven energy generation systems, due to the transient nature of the wind in many locations.Rapid-response energy storage capacity is urgently needed to enable the management of intermittent energy sources with such shortterm transients and the related frequency regulation problems on the grid.As mentioned above, most of the attention in the battery research community is currently given to the improvement of lithium-ion batteries, which operate by means of reversible insertion reactions. Although it may not be generally realized, this type of reaction also plays an important role in a number of other battery systems in which the specific energy and energy density are not so high, but where other parameters, such as long cycle and calendar life, high power or low cost are most i...

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Section: Materials With the Hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, potassium ions can be reversibly reacted with KCuFe 3+ (CN) 6 (CuHCF) to produce K 2 CuFe 2+ (CN) 6 . The discharge/recharge data at a rate of 0.83 C for this case are shown in …”

Section: Properties Of Electrodes With This Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Review—A New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Battery Electrodes

Huggins

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Materials with this structure may be described in terms of the general formula A x PR(CN) 6 . Nitrogen-coordinated transition metal cations (P) and hexacyanometalate complexes (R(CN) 6 ) form a face-centered cubic open framework containing large interstitial A sites, which may be partially, or fully, occupied by a number of different, generally hydrated, ions in this structure. This is illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Materials With the Hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the robust framework structure of Prussian Blue and its analogs has been shown to allow thin film electrochromic devices to operate for 10 5 to 10 7 cycles at high cycling rates. 6 These relatively inexpensive materials possess remarkable electrochemical performance, operate in safe, inexpensive aqueous electrolytes, and may be synthesized using bulk processes at modest temperatures. Hence, they are especially attractive for use in large-scale stationary batteries to provide storage capacity for use with the electrical power grid.…”

Section: Materials With the Hexacyanoferrate (Prussian Blue) Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Ferrocyanide/Stabilized Carbon System, a New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries

Huggins

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Transient energy sources, such as wind and solar systems are getting increased attention. Their integration with the energy distribution grid requires methods for energy storage. The required characteristics of this type of storage are quite different from those for energy storage in portable devices. Size and weight are not so important. Instead, matters such as power, cost, calendar life, cycle life, and safety become paramount. A new family of hexacyanoferrate materials with the same open framework crystal structure as Prussian Blue has been recently developed with characteristics ideally suited for this type of application. Several monovalent cations can be rapidly and reversibly inserted into these materials, with very little crystallographic distortion, leading to high rates and long cycle lives. In addition, a new type of composite negative electrode material has been developed that has the rapid kinetics typical of carbon electrodes, but with a potential that varies little with the state of charge. The result is the development of a new battery system, the ferrocyanide/stabilized carbon, MHCF-SC, system. Most of the recent research and commercial development of batteries has focused on materials systems that are primarily suitable for use in portable electronics or for vehicle propulsion, where the amount of energy storage per unit weight or volume is typically the critical issue. This generally involves batteries that operate by the reversible insertion of lithium ions.But in addition to this type of application, the increasing use of intermittent power sources, such as wind and solar, and their integration with the electrical power grid, requires the development of large-scale energy storage systems with a different set of characteristics.Whereas it is generally understood that the output from solar systems varies with the time of day as the sun moves across the sky, there is another problem with the use of this energy source. This has to do with the appearance of short-term transients in solar radiation, due to the sporadic presence of cloud cover. Clouds can greatly reduce the effectiveness of solar energy systems, sometimes over a relatively short time scale. This is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows several examples of the electrical output from a solar energy system installed on a residence in Honolulu, Hawaii, a location that is generally assumed to be very sunny.A similar problem is often present in wind-driven energy generation systems, due to the transient nature of the wind in many locations.Rapid-response energy storage capacity is urgently needed to enable the management of intermittent energy sources with such shortterm transients and the related frequency regulation problems on the grid.As mentioned above, most of the attention in the battery research community is currently given to the improvement of lithium-ion batteries, which operate by means of reversible insertion reactions. However, this phenomenon also plays an important role in a number of other battery systems in which the sp...

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Chromogenic Materials, Electrochromic

Greenberg

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Electrochromism is a reversible color change in a material, often a thin film, that accompanies an oxidation‐reduction reaction driven by a small current at low voltage. It occurs at or near room temperature in both cathodically colored and anodically colored inorganic and organic compounds. It is accompanied by ion insertion/extraction (doping/undoping) for charge balance in thin solid films. Electrochromic chromogenic materials are divided into two groups based on whether or not insertion/extraction occurs or is distinguishing. For the smaller, noninsertion group, reversible coloration occurs in solution or is associated with reversible electrodeposition from solution. The best known members are viologens. There are three subsets of the insertion/extraction group: (1) cathodically colored inorganic materials usually color with either H + or alkali‐ion insertion. The best known film is amorphous tungsten oxide, in part because of its relatively high coloration efficiency in the visible region; (2) anodically colored inorganic materials include Prussian blue, also having a high coloration efficiency, and hydrated oxides of iridium and nickel. Often, K + is inserted for Prussian blue. There is a lively debate about whether H + or OH − is active for the hydrated oxides; (3) doped/undoped organic films color both anodically and cathodically, in general. There is must less known about this form of electrochromism in literature which, as a whole, has been reviewed through 1990.

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Electrochromic Materials

Cited by 79 publications

References 0 publications

Review—A New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Battery Electrodes

Review—A New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Battery Electrodes

The Ferrocyanide/Stabilized Carbon System, a New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries

Chromogenic Materials, Electrochromic

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