Electrochemistry of Pb(II)/Pb during preparation of lead wires from PbO in choline chloride—urea deep eutectic solvent

Abstract

The electrochemistry of Pb(II)/Pb on a stainless steel electrode during the preparation of lead wires from PbO in choline chloride (ChCl)-urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, cathodic polarization and chronoamperometry. The experimental results indicated that the reduction of Pb(II) to Pb is a quasi-reversible process controlled by diffusion at temperature varying from 323 to 343 K, and the corresponding apparent activation energy E a is 52.37 kJ mol -1 . The analysis of chro noamperometry measurements suggested that the initial stage of nucleation of lead on stainless steel electrode is a three dimensional instantaneous nucleation under diffusion control. The effects of reaction time and temperature on the morphology of lead deposits are also examined. The lead wires obtained at 343 K for 120 min have a mean particle size of 30 μm in length and 2.5 μm in diameter. Based on experimental evi dence, the deposition mechanism of sub micrometer lead wires on stainless steel substrate is proposed by dif fusion controlled growth mechanism.

Synthesis and Dissolution of Metal Oxides in Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…For several easily soluble metal oxides, such as copper oxides [136,137], PbO [142][143][144] or ZnO [137,[146][147][148][149][150], various DESs appear to be excellent solvents. Hence, their dissolution, to date, is kind of a chemical routine during the preparation of samples for electrochemical experiments.…”

Correlation of Morphology and Crystal Structure of Metal Powders Produced by Electrolysis Processes

“…In the last decade, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a unique class of multicomponent solvent systems formed through hydrogen bond interactions, began to be used for the synthesis of metal powders such as Pb [13,[58][59][60], Sn [61,62], and Sb [63].…”

Preparation of porous lead from shape-controlled PbO bulk by in situ electrochemical reduction in ChCl–EG deep eutectic solvent

“…Though it is most likely to be applied in larger scale industrial production, there are still several technical problems, such as separation of pure metal product from the molten salts, corrosion of equipment and high reaction temperature, needed to be solved. In our previous studies [27][28][29], lead powders were prepared on stainless steel substrate by dissolution-electrodeposition method from PbO-choline chloride (ChCl)-urea solution. The effects of existence form and concentration of PbO on the electrical conductivity and viscosity of ChCl-urea DES were also examined [30].…”