Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes for Total Tetracycline Determination by Adsorptive Transfer Stripping Differential Pulse Voltammetry

Abstract

Disposable electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-based (ERGO) screen-printed electrodes (SPE) were developed for the determination of total tetracyclines as a sample screening approach. To this end, a selective adsorption-detection approach relied on adsorptive transfer stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdTDPV) was devised, where the high adsorption capacity and the electrochemical properties of ERGO were simultaneously exploited. The approach was very simple, fast (6 min.), highly selective by combining the adsorptive and the electrochemical features of tetracyclines, and it used just 10 µL of the sample. The electrochemical sensor applicability was demonstrated in the analysis of environmental and food samples. The not-fully explored AdTDPV analytical possibilities on disposable nanostructured transducers become a new tool in food and environmental fields; drawing new horizons for "in-situ" analysis.

Tetracycline Antibiotics: Elucidating the Electrochemical Fingerprint and Oxidation Pathway

“…Biorecognition is one of the most common strategies and uses aptamer-based sensors [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], which are the most recent and commonly found in the literature, followed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) functionalization [14,15,33,34], and sensors based on molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) [35,36] or antibodies [8,37,38] (see Table S2). Furthermore, the oxidation of TCs has been reported using diverse types of electrodes and materials, ranging from metallic nanoparticles [39][40][41][42][43][44][45], graphene oxide [46][47][48][49][50], composites [43,[51][52][53][54][55], gold [3,11,56], boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) [57][58][59][60], ruthenium oxide-hexacyanor-uthenate (RuO-RuCN) [61], or multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWN...…”

Emerging Electrochemical Sensors for Real-Time Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk

“…The addition of molecules such as (-Cl) or (-OH) determines the derived names of CTC or OTC, for instance. However, all tetracyclines contain a phenol group that makes them electroactive substances [54]. The chemical properties of CTC, OTC, TC and DC are summarised in Table 3 below.…”

Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review

“…In a brief overview of Table 1 it can be easily observed that GCE transducers were selected in most studies as a substrate for subsequent modifications as they are widely used in electrochemistry due to their robustness, well characterized surface properties, and easy modification. Alternatives to their use were based on Pt [ 80 ], Au [ 86 ], FTO [ 83 ], and on the miniaturized and versatile 3-in-1 screen-printed electrodes [ 72 , 73 , 89 , 90 ]. Regarding the detection technique, DPV was frequently employed due to its superior sensitivity, followed by LSV.…”

“…Despite its robustness and reliability, this conventional electrode is more suitable for laboratorial work rather for in-situ environmental applications due to its bulkier dimensions. In this sense, screen-printed electrodes [ 72 , 73 , 89 , 90 , 140 , 151 ] and the film type electrodes of gold [ 109 ] and FTO [ 83 ] present high area-to-volume ratio enabling miniaturization and portability and, therefore, are more convenient for in loco analysis. In this miniaturization process, carbon nanomaterials can be extremely useful and exceptionally reliable through the production, for example, of buckypaper type electrodes.…”

“…Associating SPE/rGO and DPV, the authors obtained stable and accurate measurements, enabling a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 µmol L -1 sulfamethoxazole and high yields for tests performed in lake water and tap water. Thinking about disposable and portable devices for in situ analysis, Lorenzetti et al [73] also used SPE/rGO to determine the total content of tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline) in river water by adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdS-DPV). rGO enhanced the electroanalytical signal by increasing the active area of the device, but the method has a short linear range (20-80 µmol L -1 ) and relatively low inter-electrode precision (RSD = 18%), indicating that this proposal still needs to be refined to increase its applicability.…”