Abstract:Dynamic plasmonics with the real-time active control capability of plasmonic resonances attracts much interest in the communities of physics, chemistry, and material science. Among versatile reconfigurable strategies for dynamic plasmonics, electrochemically driven strategies have garnered most of the attention. We summarize three primary strategies to enable electrochemically dynamic plasmonics, including structural transformation, carrier-density modulation, and electrochemically active surrounding-media man… Show more
“…Electrotunable plasmonic metamaterials can be further realized via the electrochemically controlled self-assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles at liquid/liquid or liquid/solid interfaces. − A reversible electrotunable liquid mirror was demonstrated based on voltage-controlled self-assembly/disassembly of negative-charge-functionalized gold nanoparticles at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions . The optical properties of the liquid mirror, such as reflectivity and a spectral position of the absorption band, can be tuned in situ within a low applied voltage of ±0.5 V. The electrochemically controlled self-assembly approach opens up a wide range of possibilities for designing electrotunable optical metamaterials, such as switchable mirrors, filters, and displays.…”
Section: Fabrication Of Plasmonic Metamaterialsmentioning
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions
between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest
in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications.
Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control
the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic
states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance
and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including
spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing,
and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting
molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper,
we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular
plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical
properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches,
we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials
in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation
of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission
control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot
carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed.
Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with
metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination
with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively
control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to
use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
“…Electrotunable plasmonic metamaterials can be further realized via the electrochemically controlled self-assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles at liquid/liquid or liquid/solid interfaces. − A reversible electrotunable liquid mirror was demonstrated based on voltage-controlled self-assembly/disassembly of negative-charge-functionalized gold nanoparticles at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions . The optical properties of the liquid mirror, such as reflectivity and a spectral position of the absorption band, can be tuned in situ within a low applied voltage of ±0.5 V. The electrochemically controlled self-assembly approach opens up a wide range of possibilities for designing electrotunable optical metamaterials, such as switchable mirrors, filters, and displays.…”
Section: Fabrication Of Plasmonic Metamaterialsmentioning
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions
between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest
in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications.
Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control
the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic
states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance
and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including
spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing,
and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting
molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper,
we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular
plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical
properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches,
we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials
in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation
of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission
control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot
carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed.
Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with
metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination
with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively
control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to
use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
“…15−17 Of these methods, electrochemical control is unique in that it entails the application of a potential gradient across a cell to reversibly move ions into and out of a host material. 18 The degree of ion saturation in the material corresponds to a refractive index shift and lattice augmentation as the electronic states and lattice parameters shift to accommodate ion insertion. 19 Thus, electrochemical actuation combines phase change, carrier insertion, and unit cell deformation, yielding several parameters, with which the propagation of light through the metasurface can be controlled.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In recent years, active elements have been incorporated into metasurface geometries to enable a broader functionality controlled by an applied stimulus. Notable examples include mechanical unit cell deformation, − phase-change materials, − and gate-tunable materials. − Of these methods, electrochemical control is unique in that it entails the application of a potential gradient across a cell to reversibly move ions into and out of a host material . The degree of ion saturation in the material corresponds to a refractive index shift and lattice augmentation as the electronic states and lattice parameters shift to accommodate ion insertion .…”
The incorporation of active materials
into metasurface
architectures
enhances functionality by enabling active tuning of the electromagnetic
response, a freedom that would be highly beneficial in many applications
at visible frequencies. Here, we employ Li-ion insertion into amorphous
silicon, a traditional battery chemistry, to realize modulation of
visible frequency metasurfaces utilizing both a change in refractive
index and accompanying lattice expansion. We quantify the refractive
index change upon lithiation, achieving Δn =
0.12 at 500 nm and employ the material in a metasurface, demonstrating
reversible color bleaching with accessible intermediate states. This
is achieved at a power consumption of less than 120 μW/cm2. Given the low power consumption and potential for energy
recycling, dynamic electrochemical metasurfaces are uniquely suited
for applications in the visible spectrum that demand small form factor
and low power usage.
“…[20][21][22][23][24] Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), represented by indium tin oxide (ITO) films, which usually exhibit dielectric permittivity crossover near the optical communication band, have recently emerged as a better yet simpler material platform for exploiting ENZ behavior. [25][26][27][28][29] Because of their low optical loss, good complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility, 19 high LIDT, strong environmental stability, ENZ-enhanced NLO response, and sub-picosecond response time, 18 TCOs have been demonstrated in various nonlinear optics applications, such as harmonic conversion, terahertz wave generation, and optical switching. [30][31][32][33] Currently, there are many reports about TCO-based SAs and their applications in ultrafast pulsed lasers.…”
A novel saturable absorber based on corrugated indium tin oxide film with strong nonlinear optical properties that not limited by the incident angle and polarization state of the pump laser over a wide range of 0–20° has been reported.
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