Electrochemically activated nickel-cobalt double hydroxide for aqueous ammonium-zinc hybrid battery

Ammonium-ion energy storage devices for real-life deployment: storage mechanism, electrode design and system integration

“…An activated Ni–Co double hydroxide (A-NiCo-DH) with an amorphous structure was prepared by electrodeposition, where H vacancies were introduced during electrochemical activation to create additional accommodation sites for cation insertion. 58 The reversible insertion/de-insertion of NH 4 + during the charging/discharging process can be confirmed by the intensity change of the peak at 1404 cm −1 (N–H bond vibration) in the FTIR spectrum (Fig. 4b).…”

“…Recently, by employing electrodeposition in the synthesis of ammonium storage electrode materials, researchers have created materials with increased defects and more active sites and the proposal of a novel energy storage mechanism known as NH 4 + /H + co-insertion was proposed. 57–59 The increased number of vacancies in the material enhances its conductivity and electrochemical activity, thereby activating proton insertion chemistry. 60,61 Based on this storage mechanism, the electrolyte concentration should be relatively low because highly concentrated electrolytes contain very few free water molecules.…”

A salt-concentrated electrolyte for aqueous ammonium-ion hybrid batteries

“…These results are also in accordance with our previous studies. 26,27 Solvation structure of the concentrated ammonium acetate electrolytes…”

Critical Advances of Aqueous Rechargeable Ammonium Ion Batteries

“…[ 60 ] During electrochemical activation, the anions in the interlayer are extracted to provide vacancies for the insertion of cations. [ 61 ] The structure is characterized by the presence of two or more variable metal cations and exchanged anions in the layers of the compound. [ 62 ] LDHs are widely used in aqueous zinc‐ion battery systems with good electrochemical activity and high discharge voltage.…”