Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole in ionic liquids

Pringle, Jennifer M.; Efthimiadis, John; Howlett, Patrick C.; Efthimiadis, Jim; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Chaplin, Adrian B.; Hall, Simon B.; Officer, David L.; Wallace, Gordon G.; Forsyth, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.01.006

Cited by 195 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…[14 -16]. Among them, polypyrrole (PPy) is considered as an especially promising conducting polymer due to its relative ease of synthesis both chemically and electrochemically [17,18]. In 1970, Diaz and co-workers firstly synthesized conductive polypyrrole film via electropolymerization in aqueous solutions [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole in the Presence of Congo Red; Application to Selective Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Shahrokhian

Zare-Mehrjardi

2009

Electroanalysis

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The electrosynthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) film has been achieved on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in aqueous medium of Congo red (CR) by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified electrode exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) oxidation, with drastic enhancement of the reversibility and peak currents. This modified electrode, due to electrostatic interactions, is capable to mask the response of ascorbic acid (AA) completely and provide an effective method for the detection of minor amounts of dopamine in the presence of high concentrations of AA. The electrochemical response of the film modified electrode is strongly dependent to the switching potential applied in the CV procedure of the electro-polymerization. The results show that by increasing the switching potential more than 0.75 V, the peak of AA is gradually disappeared. This peak in potential of 0.85 V is reached to capacitive background current. With respect to the destruction of the conjugated structure of ppy and lowering the conductivity of the film at the surface of modified electrode, higher switching potentials cannot be suitable for electropolymerization procedure. The effects of various experimental parameters such as, number of polymerization cycles, switching potential, pH and potential sweep rate on the voltammetric response of dopamine were also investigated. The modified electrode shows a linear response to DA in the range of 0.5 to 100 mM with a detection limit of 0.1 mM. The prepared modified electrode does not show any considerable response toward sulfhydryl compounds, such as, cysteine, penicillamine and glutathione, revealing a good selectivity for voltammetric response to DA. The effective electrocatalytic property, ability for masking the voltammetric responses of the other biological reducing agents together with high reproducibility and stability make the modified electrode suitable for selective and sensitive voltammetric detection of sub-micromolar amounts of DA in clinical and pharmaceutical preparations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole in the Presence of Congo Red; Application to Selective Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Shahrokhian

Zare-Mehrjardi

2009

Electroanalysis

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“…They have recently been described as new green reaction media of the future [12][13]. A number of organic reactions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] have been investigated in these new solvents, as well as polymerizations, mainly free-radical [21][22][23][24][25][26], electrochemical [27][28], cationic [29] and enzyme-catalyzed [30] polymerizations. However, only a few articles deal with polycondensation reactions in ionic liquids [31][32][33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature reaction between poly(glycolic acid) and ε-caprolactone in ionic liquids

et al. 2007

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ε-Caprolactone (CL) was reacted with PGA oligomers in ionic liquids in the presence of Ti(OBu) 4 , both ring-opening polymerization initiator and polyesterification catalyst. C NMR studies showed that the fast polymerization of CL was followed by simultaneous slow polyesterification and ester-interchange reactions leading to random PGA/CL copolyesters after 6 h reaction. The nature of the catalyst and the ionic liquid did not influence much reaction rate. Hydroxyacetyl end-groups appeared to be much less reactive than the corresponding hydroxycaproyl end-groups, which were consumed at the beginning of reaction. The 50/50 and 60/40 oxyacetyl (G)/oxycaproyl (L) (mass-%) copolyesters were amorphous, while copolyesters containing larger amounts of G units were semi-crystalline. The variations of the T g of all copolyesters versus composition follow the Flory-Fox law.

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“…22 It has been documented previously that polypyrrole layers grown at platinum from ionic liquids appear smoother than those grown from conventional aqueous systems. 13,25 For example, Sekiguchi et al 13 studied the morphology of polypyrrole grown from CH 3 CN and EMICF 3 SO 3 and found that the more conductive ionic liquid gave rise to smoother films, while Pringle et al 25 report that the more viscous ionic liquids produce the smoothest polypyrrole layers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Formation of Polypyrrole at Iron from 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate

Fenelon

Breslin

2005

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, was used to deposit adherent and highly conducting polypyrrole coatings at pure iron using a simple potentiostatic technique. Adherent and highly conducting polypyrrole films were formed at the iron substrate using potentials in the range from 1.0 to 1.4 V and with pyrrole concentrations between 0.1 and 0.3 mol dmϪ3 . An increase in the applied potential, or the concentration of the monomer, gave rise to an increase in the rate of polymer growth. The polypyrrole-coated iron electrodes were electroactive and remained highly conducting and stable in the ionic liquid. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the charge-transfer resistance of the uncoated iron electrode was determined as 1.25 ϫ 10 4 ⍀ cm 2 compared to the much lower resistance of 1.90 ϫ 10 2 ⍀ cm 2 measured for the highly conducting polypyrrolecoated electrode in the ionic liquid. The room temperature ionic liquid systems based on the N,NЈ-dialkyl-substituted imidazolium cations have attracted increasing attention and interest in recent years.1-4 This is not surprising in light of their promising physical and chemical properties, which include high ionic conductivity, negligible volatility, nonflammability, excellent thermal and chemical stability, air and moisture stability, and, in terms of electrochemistry, a wide potential window.Research into the formation, or properties, of conducting polymers in ionic liquids dates back to the mid 1980s, with the work of Osteryoung and co-workers.5-7 However, the chloroaluminate ionic liquids used in these investigations were moisture sensitive. In more recent times, it has been shown that conducting polymers can be electrosynthesized in the ambient temperature imidazolium-based ionic liquids with anions such as hexafluorophosphate or tetrafluoroborate. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] But of more significance is the fact that the conducting polymers cycled in, or electropolymerized from, these imidazolium-based ionic liquids exhibit greatly enhanced electrochemical stability, negligible polymer degradation and fast switching speeds. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] For example, Lu et al. 10 found that polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene showed negligible loss in electroactivity when cycled in room-temperature ionic liquids composed of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium cations with either tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate anions. Sekiguchi et al.13,14 used 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate as an electrolyte for the electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. The electrochemical capacity and conductivity of the polypyrrole were significantly increased when prepared from the ionic liquid. Other polymer systems that have been studied in these imidazolium-based ionic liquids include poly͑3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene͒ 15,16 and poly͑2-methoxy-5-͑2Ј-ethylhexyloxy͒-1,4-phenylene vinylene ͑MEH-PPV͒. 17These studies have all been conducted with inert electrodes. Although conducting polymers have been deposited at corrosion susceptib...

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Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole in ionic liquids

Cited by 195 publications

References 26 publications

Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole in the Presence of Congo Red; Application to Selective Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole in the Presence of Congo Red; Application to Selective Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid

High temperature reaction between poly(glycolic acid) and ε-caprolactone in ionic liquids

The Formation of Polypyrrole at Iron from 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate

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