Electrochemical synthesis and property characterisation of graphene oxide using water as electrolyte

Development and Up-Scaling of Electrochemical Production and Mild Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide

“…The latter often presents an asymmetric electrochemical configuration, where a graphite rod as the working electrode is facing a platinum rod as a counter electrode [25], or alternatively a symmetric configuration with two graphite rods for mass production of GO as inexpensive alternatives. A similar arrangement is used in this work as shown in Figure 1a [26][27][28]. Furthermore, various electrochemical exfoliation methods were investigated with different strategies in terms of intercalation agents aiming to facilitate the process.…”

“…Furthermore, various electrochemical exfoliation methods were investigated with different strategies in terms of intercalation agents aiming to facilitate the process. Sulfate ions, perchlorate ions, alkaline solutions, ionic liquids or even tap water are some application examples [28,29]. Intercalation of species with ionic radii smaller than the graphite interlayer spacing, such as alkali ions, ammonia ions and hydroxide ions, weakens the interlayer bonding of graphite, allowing its structure to swell without major exfoliation during the process [30,31].…”

Review on the Effects of Electrochemical Exfoliation Parameters on the Yield of Graphene Oxide

“…The researchers claimed that 6 h of oxidation synthesized the maximum quantity of GO based on the FTIR, XRD, and Raman results. Sun et al 67 demonstrated the application of tap water as an electrolyte to form GO, therefore preventing the use of strong acids such as sulfuric acid which is not environmentally friendly. The carbon fiber sheets and graphite rod were compared at the same electrical current where carbon fiber sheets showed preferable results such as synthesis of GO in larger amounts, easy control of GO sheets’ sizes, and lesser layers overlapping with each other as compared with graphite rods.…”

Stepwise rapid electrolytic synthesis of graphene oxide for efficient adsorption of organic pollutants

“…[26][27][28] However, due to insufficient graphite intercalation and uneven oxidation as well as premature detachment of the expanded graphite pieces before complete oxidation, the prepared GO nanosheets still have many shortcomings, such as thicker sheets (multiple or even dozens of layers), small size (<5 μm), low oxidation degree (<20 at%), and difficulties in mass production. [29][30][31][32][33] For example, Parvez et al reported a facile one-step electrochemical strategy to produce edge-oxidized GO sheets co-doped with nitrogen and sulfur, and the oxygen content was up to 28.3 at%. However, the preparation time was still long (∼2.4 h), and the size of GO sheets was relatively small (85%, 0.5-2.5 μm).…”

“…37 In addition, many researchers have made great efforts to increase the oxidation of GO. However, these methods can hardly achieve high oxidation degrees, large lateral sizes, and a limited number of layers in a short time [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (as summarized in Table S1 †). Therefore, it is still a great challenge to efficiently produce highly oxidized, few-layered, and large-sized GO on a large scale.…”