Tuning
the energy of the frontier orbitals of an adsorbed molecule
to match the Fermi level of the electrode is a fundamental requirement
for efficient charge injection in molecular electronic devices. In
this paper, we present electrochemical, impedimetric, spectroscopic,
and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) data that were used
to study the effects of the adsorption of 4′-mercaptobiphenylcarbonitrile
(HS2PCN) on the work function of gold. The adsorption process was
studied and indicated the formation of a loosely packed self-assembled
monolayer (SAM, ΔG
ads = −43.3
kJ mol–1) following the immersion of the gold substrate
in an ethanolic solution of HS2PCN. An increase in the immersion time
resulted in the accumulation of negative charge density on the gold
surface ascribed to the bonding dipoles resulting from the charge
rearrangement at the metal–SAM interface that generates interfacial
dipoles as a result of a charge-transfer process. As a consequence,
a modification of about 1.2 eV is estimated in the work function of
the gold surface modified with HS2PCN. Electron-transfer rate constants
(k
0), as measured via SECM, showed a strong
dependence on the net charge of the redox probes and increased on
going from negatively (ca. 1.14 × 10–3 cm s–1) to positively charged species (>1.0 cm s–1). Such behavior is ascribed to the polarity of the
interface of
the HS2PCN SAM on gold, which is negatively charged because of the
electron-withdrawing property of the nitrile fragment.