Electrochemical studies of ethamivan at glassy-carbon and platinum electrodes and its determination in urine by differential pulse voltammetry

Electrochemical Properties and Range of Application of Mixed Gold Bismuth Electrodes

“…The water was rinsed through a Millipore Elix and Millipore Milli-Q Gradient system (18.2 MV). The stock solution of ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl, 2 M) was prepared by dissolving 107 g of NH 4 Cl in 1 L distilled water, and diluted by direct addition to actual samples with micropipettes. All reagents were of analytical grade.…”

“…The system was running for a period of 20 days. A copper peak was observed in the fresh sample, but the peak disappeared after a short time presumably due to chemical 4 Cl added Cu (20 mg/L). Measurements were performed every 30 minutes using DPASV with a deposition time of 120 s at À 300 mV.…”

“…Stability tests were performed in both NH 4 Cl and in polluted river water. Figure 8 shows a comparison of measurements made with a bare gold electrode and a gold electrode with 2% bismuth added in NH 4 Cl added Cu (20 mg/L).…”

“…Figure 8 shows a comparison of measurements made with a bare gold electrode and a gold electrode with 2% bismuth added in NH 4 Cl added Cu (20 mg/L). The goldbismuth electrode was stable for ten days before the analysis was stopped.…”

“…The growing demand for continuous on-line monitoring of trace metals has also led to additional requirements such as uncomplicated scan procedures, longtime stability and minor maintenance. Several new electrode materials for use in analytical voltammetry have recently been reported, including alternative liquid metal electrodes like the hanging galinstan drop electrode [3], bare solid electrodes and film electrodes of platinum [4], silver [5], iridium [6], gold [7], bismuth [8,9], and carbon [10]. The hanging galinstan drop electrode represents an interesting alternative to the mercury electrode for laboratory use, however, the galinstan material consisting of an eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, easily clogs, wet and adhere to glass capillary and other materials, and is therefore very difficult to include in a field apparatus.…”