Electrochemical Sodiation/Desodiation into Mn₃O₄ Nanoparticles

Abstract

Mn 3 O 4 is considered to be a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its low cost, high capacity, and enhanced safety. However, the inferior cyclic stability of the Mn 3 O 4 anode is a major challenge for the development of SIBs. In this study, a one-step solvothermal method was established to produce nanostructured Mn 3 O 4 with an average particle size of 21 nm and a crystal size of 11 nm. The Mn 3 O 4 obtained exhibits a unique architecture, consisting of small clusters composed of numerous tiny nanoparticles. The Mn 3 O 4 material could deliver high capacity (522 mAh g −1 at 100 mA g −1 ), reasonable cyclic stability (158 mAh g −1 after 200 cycles), and good rate capability (73 mAh g −1 at 1000 mA g −1 ) even without further carbon coating, which is a common exercise for most anode materials so far. The sodium insertion/extraction was also confirmed by a reversible conversion reaction by adopting an ex situ X-ray diffraction technique. This simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthesis technique with good electrochemical performance shows that the Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticle anode has the potential for SIB development.

Electrochemical storage behavior of NiCo 2 O 4 nanoparticles anode with structural and morphological evolution in lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries

“…The limitation of metal oxide nanoparticles anode was also reported by several other studies. 47,59,60 The total volume change of NCO-NPs electrode during the cycling in LIBs and SIBs is schematically presented (Scheme 1). The massive volume expansion/contraction in the course of sodium insertion/extraction induces large stresses, which can cause cracking and irreversible deformation of the NCO-NPs.…”

Unleashing the Potential of Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Current State and Future Directions for Sustainable Energy Storage

“…Since then, various research groups have explored a series of other TMOs. A few notable oxides are the oxides of iron Fe 3 O 4 [236] and Fe 2 O 3 ; [237] in this series, the oxides of cobalt, like CO 3 O 4 , [238] tin oxides SnO, [239] and SnO 2 , [240] nickel oxides like NiO, [241] and NiO-Ni, [242] and manganese oxides Mn 3 O 4 [243] hold important positions.…”

Review and New Perspectives on Non-Layered Manganese Compounds as Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…The electrochemical performance of Mn 3 O 4 was found to be better than those of Co 3 O 4 and NiO, but it was still very satisfactory [154]. Later, the mechanism of the reaction was explored in Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles (15-45 nm) without additional carbon (no carbon coating and no carbon template) [155]. Firstly, Mn 3 O 4 is reduced to MnO together with the formation of Na 2 O at ca.…”