Electrochemical Sensor Based upon Ruthenium Doped TiO₂Nanoparticles for the Determination of Flufenamic Acid

Abstract

In the current research, ruthenium stood a conspicuous dopant for TiO 2 nanoparticles, to enhance its catalytic activity. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was accomplished by utilizing XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM analysis. The sensing surface morphology was studied by AFM analysis. Further, we established the electrochemical behavior and detection of flufenamic acid (FFA) by utilizing ruthenium doped TiO 2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (Ru-TiO 2 /CPE) at pH 6.0 by employing different voltammetric techniques. Modification enhances the electro-oxidation of flufenamic acid with increased current intensity. The influence of parameters like scan rate, pH, accumulation time, amount of the modifier and concentration on the peak current of the drug were studied. The effect of FFA concentration variation was studied using square wave voltammetric (SWV) technique and got lowest detection limit compared to reported techniques. The fabricated sensor was employed for the determination of flufenamic acid in biological samples. Flufenamic acid (FFA), N-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl) an anthranilic acid derivative (Scheme 1), is an effective analgesic, an antiinflammatory and antipyretic agent used for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders, peri-articular and soft tissue disorders, antirheumatic therapy.1,2 Monitoring of therapeutic drug habitually necessitates its detection in biological fluids.Many analytical methods based on different principles, such as spectrophotometry, 3-6 spectrofluorimetry, 5,11 fluorescence spectrometry, 7-10 flow injection analysis, 11,12 chromatography [13][14][15] have been developed for the analysis of flufenamic acid along with its derivatives. Capillary electrophoresis [16][17][18] is an alternative methodology for the separation and detection of FFA. However, these methods are well-demonstrated and broadly accepted, but they require moderately costly equipment, laborious sample pretreatment, specialized expertise, high cost and are time-consuming which make them unsuitable for routine analysis. Few voltammetric studies 5,19 were also carried out by utilizing cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive voltammetry. Though, these sensors suffer from the less sensitive, poor long-term stability, lack of surface renewability, etc.As of late, research developed, aiming at the construction and the characterization of the electrodes composed of carbonaceous materials because of their rich surface chemistry, lower background current, wider potential window, uncomplicated surface renewal and low detection limit properties. [20][21][22][23][24] The fabrication of the working electrode with nanoparticles enhances peak current, sensitivity, reproducibility. 25,26 In current science and technology, one of the crucial uniqueness is to survey and to discover the new efficient materials as electrode surface modifiers.In general, new types of sensor devices are the outcome of the synthesis and preparation of innovative modifiers. In this regard, as e...

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