Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrodeposited Zinc-Aluminium Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Chlorpromazine Sensing

Abstract

Chlorpromazine functions as a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, leading to adverse motor-related effects. Addressing the need for a reliable analytical tool, an electrodeposited thin film was synthesized on a glassy carbon electrode (GC) surface. This film comprised zinc-aluminium layered double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH), with nitrate ions intercalated between the LDH layers. The electrocatalytic behavior of Zn-Al LDH/GCE in the oxidation and reduction of nitrogen and sulfur atoms within the thiazine ring structure of chlorpromazine was studied using cyclic voltammetry. Evaluation of the electrode's analytical response through diverse electroanalytical techniques demonstrated that the square wave voltammetry-assisted electrochemical sensor displayed a broad detection range for chlorpromazine (1×10-4 to 1 mM), with a sensitivity of 91.86 μA mM-1 and an impressive low detection limit of 16 nM. Furthermore, the performance of the developed electrode was assessed in detecting and quantifying chlorpromazine levels in simulated human urine samples through recovery studies. The results indicated satisfactory recovery rates, affirming the efficacy of the Zn-Al LDH-modified GCE. Noteworthy features of the electrochemical sensor included high surface coverage, improved electron transfer rate, reliable repeatability, and exceptional reproducibility. These characteristics collectively contribute to the sensor's popularity for the accurate detection and quantification of chlorpromazine.