Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene and 4-nitrophenol in the room temperature ionic liquid [C4dmim][N(Tf)2]

Silvester, Debbie S.; Wain, Andrew J.; Aldous, Leigh; Hardacre, Christopher; Compton, Richard G.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.07.028

Cited by 116 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…[16][17][18][19] In addition, the electrochemistry of O 2 and SO 2 gas was performed in a T-cell (reported previously), 15 using a Pt microdisk (either 10 or 25 m diameter) as the working electrode, and a silver wire as a quasi-reference electrode. The working electrode was modified with a section of disposable micropipette tip, into which 20 L of the blank RTIL solvent was placed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 The electrochemical characteristics of RTILs have been more thoroughly discussed in a number of recent review papers. 5,13 Generally, it has been found that electrochemical reactions and mechanisms of organic species in RTILs are the same as in conventional aprotic solvents, 14,15 with any differences mainly due to the higher viscosity of the RTIL lowering the diffusion coefficients of the electroactive species. However, the study of reactions and mechanisms of inorganic species in RTILs is relatively unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The electrochemistry of simple inorganic molecules in room temperature ionic liquids

Silvester¹,

Rogers²,

Barrosse-Antle³

et al. 2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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A eletroquímica de compostos inorgânicos simples em líquidos iônicos a temperatura ambiente (RTIL) é revisada e alguns trabalhos novos nesta área são apresentados. Este artigo focaliza a comparação entre o comportamento eletroquímico em RTILs e em solventes apróticos convencionais. Alguns compostos (iodetos, O 2 , NO 2 , SO 2 , NH 3 ) apresentam reações e mecanismos similares em RTILs e em solventes apróticos (como é observado para compostos orgânicos). Entretanto, outras espécies (nitratos, PCl 3 , POCl 3 ) mostram comportamento excepcionalmente diferente em relação aos solventes tradicionais. Isto torna os RTILs um meio promissor para o estudo de compostos inorgânicos, e destaca a necessidade de maiores investigações nesta área.The electrochemistry of simple inorganic compounds in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is reviewed and some new work in this area is presented. This paper focuses on the comparison between electrochemical behaviour in RTILs and in conventional aprotic solvents. Some compounds (iodides, O 2 , NO 2 , SO 2 , NH 3 ) display similar reactions and mechanisms in RTILs as in aprotic solvents (as is observed for organic compounds). However other species (nitrates, PCl 3 , POCl 3 ) show remarkably different behaviour to traditional solvents. This makes RTILs very promising media for the study of inorganic compounds, and highlights the need for more investigations in this exciting area.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The electrochemistry of simple inorganic molecules in room temperature ionic liquids

Silvester¹,

Rogers²,

Barrosse-Antle³

et al. 2008

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[19,20] No attempts were made to mechanically polish the electrodes, or to electrochemically "activate" the surfaces using widely-used methods in aqueous solvents [5] . Additionally, the RTILs were not exposed to a vacuum line (commonly employed for experiments using RTILs on micro-disk electrodes) [21] so that the experimental set-up would more closely resemble what is available in a field application for a sensing device.…”

Section: Electrochemical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen reduction voltammetry on platinum macrodisk and screen-printed electrodes in ionic liquids: Reaction of the electrogenerated superoxide species with compounds used in the paste of Pt screen-printed electrodes?

Lee

Murugappan

Arrigan

et al. 2013

Electrochimica Acta

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103

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Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are widely investigated as simple, three-electrode planar surfaces for electrochemical sensing applications, and may be ideal for gas sensing purposes when combined with non-volatile room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). In this report the suitability of SPEs with RTIL solvents has been investigated for oxygen detection. Oxygen reduction has been studied on commercially available platinum SPEs in eight RTILs. Cyclic voltammetric wave shapes were found to be significantly different on Pt SPE surfaces compared to conventional solid Pt macroelectrodes, suggesting a possible reaction of the electrogenerated superoxide with the compounds that make up the ink/paste of the SPE surface. The only RTIL that did not show such drastically different voltammetry was one that contained a pyrrolidinium cation, suggesting a more chemically stable solvent environment compared to the other imidazolium and phosphonium cations studied. The analytical utility was then studied on four SPE surfaces (carbon, gold, platinum and silver) in two RTILs (one with a pyrrolidinium and one with an imidazolium cation) and linear responses were observed between current and % concentration in the range 10-100 % O 2 . This suggests that SPEs may indeed be suitable for oxygen sensing in some RTILs, but significantly more pre-treatment of the surface is required to obtain reliable results. However, the reaction of superoxide with the SPE ink, together with a noticeable deterioration of the signal over time, suggests that this type of sensing platform may only be suitable for "single-use" oxygen sensing applications.

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“…Although we do not know the triplet redox potential of PP and NG, NG is expected to efficiently absorb excitation energy from PP due to its phenolic structure, and therefore have enhanced reactivity towards ozone. Previous studies suggest that photosensitisers such as methylene blue, benzophenone, 3'-methoxyacetophenone, and 2-acetonaphthone possess triplet redox potentials larger than +1.10 V (vs. normal hydrogen electrode) (Canonica et al, 2000;Sosedova et al, 2011), whereas, e.g., 4-nitrophenol possesses redox potentials smaller than at −1.02 V (vs. Ag electrode) (Silvester et al, 2006). This indicates the likelihood that triplet excited states of PP can accept electrons from NG, allowing this energy transfer.…”

Section: S M Forrester and D A Knopf: Photosensitised Kinetics Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosensitised heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of biomass burning aerosol surrogates by ozone using an irradiated rectangular channel flow reactor

Forrester

Knopf

2013

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Heterogeneous reaction kinetics involving organic aerosol and atmospheric oxidants such as ozone can be enhanced under visible or UV irradiation in the presence of a photosensitiser, with subsequent implications for the climate, cloud radiative properties, air quality, and source appointment. In this study we report the steady-state reactive uptake coefficient, γ, of O3 by levoglucosan and 5-nitroguaiacol acting as surrogates for biomass burning aerosol particles, with and without the presence of Pahokee peat acting as a photosensitiser. The reactive uptake has been determined in the dark and as a function of visible and UV-A irradiation and ozone concentration. In addition, γ was determined for 1 : 1, 1 : 10, and 1 : 100 by mass mixtures of Pahokee peat and 5-nitroguaiacol, and for a 10 : 1 : 3 mixture of levoglucosan, Pahokee peat, and 5-nitroguaiacol. We developed a novel irradiated rectangular channel flow reactor (I-RCFR) that was operated under low pressures of about 2–4 hPa, and allowed for uniform irradiation of the organic substrates. The I-RCFR was coupled to a chemical ionisation mass spectrometer and has been successfully validated by measuring the kinetics between various organic species and oxidants. γ of O3 and levoglucosan in the dark and under visible and UV-A irradiation was determined to be in the range of (2–11) × 10−6 and did not change in the presence of Pahokee peat. The determined γ of O3 and 5-nitroguaiacol in the dark was 5.7 × 10−6 and was only enhanced under UV-A irradiation, yielding a value of 3.6 × 10−5. γ of the 1 : 1 Pahokee peat/5-nitroguaiacol substrate was enhanced under visible and UV-A irradiation to 2.4 × 10−5 and 2.8 × 10−5, respectively. Decreasing the amount of Pahokee peat in the 5-nitroguaiacol/Pahokee peat substrate resulted in lower values of γ under visible irradiation, however, γ was consistent under UV-A irradiation regardless of the amount of Pahokee peat. The 10 : 1 : 3 mixture by mass of levoglucosan, Pahokee peat, and 5-nitroguaiacol, under both visible and UV-A irradiation yielded γ values of 2.8 × 10−5 and 1.4 × 10−5, respectively. γ was determined as a function of photon flux for O3 with the 1 : 1 Pahokee peat/5-nitroguaiacol substrate, yielding a linear relationship under both visible and UV-A irradiation. γ of O3 with the 1 : 1 Pahokee peat/5-nitroguaiacol substrate was determined as a function of ozone concentration and exhibited an inverse dependence of γ on ozone concentration, commonly interpreted as a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. The reactive uptake data have been represented by a Langmuir-type isotherm. From the O3 uptake data under visible irradiation, the following fit parameters have been derived: ks = (5.5 ± 2.7) × 10−19 cm2 s−1 molecule−1 and KO3 = (2.3 ± 2.0) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1; and under UV-A irradiation: ks = (8.1 ± 2.0) × 10−19 cm2 s−1 molecule−1 and KO3 = (1.7 ± 0.7) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1. The oxidative power, or the product of γ and [O3], was determined for O3 with the 1 : 1 Pahokee peat/5-nitroguaiacol substrate and was in the range of (1.2–26) × 106 molecule cm−3. Atmospheric particle lifetimes were estimated for a 0.4 μm 5-nitroguaiacol particle as a function of visible and UV-A irradiation and ozone concentration.

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Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene and 4-nitrophenol in the room temperature ionic liquid [C4dmim][N(Tf)2]

Cited by 116 publications

References 36 publications

The electrochemistry of simple inorganic molecules in room temperature ionic liquids

The electrochemistry of simple inorganic molecules in room temperature ionic liquids

Oxygen reduction voltammetry on platinum macrodisk and screen-printed electrodes in ionic liquids: Reaction of the electrogenerated superoxide species with compounds used in the paste of Pt screen-printed electrodes?

Photosensitised heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of biomass burning aerosol surrogates by ozone using an irradiated rectangular channel flow reactor

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