“…Williams first reported on the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to formic acid in 1978 (Williams et al, 1978), and since then interesting investigations have been undertaken by using electrochemical (Lu et al, 2014;Gupta et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2017b), photoelectrochemical (Lu et al, 2017;, catalytic (Moret et al, 2014;Mori et al, 2018), and photocatalytic (Premkumar and Ramaraj, 1997;Qin G. et al, 2013) approaches. However, despite the ideality of this system, several aspects should be considered to boost the thermodynamically uphill formation of liquid formic acid from gaseous CO 2 and H 2 .…”