Electrochemical recovery of Nd using liquid metals (Bi and Sn) in LiCl-KCl-NdCl3

Im, Sanghyeok; Smith, Nathan D.; Baldivieso, Stephanie Castro; Gesualdi, Jarrod; Liu, Zhe; Kim, Hojung

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140655

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…[140,141] The main merit of liquid metal cathode is the depolarization effect on the deposition products, which makes the deposition potential shift positively and reduce the cell voltage. [142] Lv et al [23] put forward a strategy of using a liquid zinc cathode to efficiently convert CO 2 into graphitic carbon shells over spherical Zn cores with enhanced energy storage. The synthesis mechanism is shown in Figure 7c.…”

Section: Oxide or Liquid Metal Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolysis Synthesis of Carbides and Carbon Dioxide Capture in Molten Salts

Ren

Shao-long

et al. 2023

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Section: Oxide or Liquid Metal Cathodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolysis Synthesis of Carbides and Carbon Dioxide Capture in Molten Salts

Ren

Shao-long

et al. 2023

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“…Electrowinning of Nd from molten chlorides traces back to the late 1800s where Hildebrand and Norton attempted electrolysis of anhydrous NdCl 3 in a KCl–NaCl supporting melt . Since then, many groups have attempted Nd electrolysis in chloride melts but with low efficiency and yield. ,− As shown in Figure c, efficiency loss cannot be due to parasitic breakdown of the supporting chloride electrolyte. Instead, efficiency loss is attributed to Nd multivalency, i.e., in converting Nd 3+ to Nd metal, a two-step reduction is encountered: Step 1 : Nd 3 + + e − → Nd 2 + Step 2 : Nd 2 + + 2 e − → Nd 0 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Production of Rare-Earth Metals via Chloride-Based Molten Salt Electrolysis

Holcombe,

Sinclair,

Wasalathanthri

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Neodymium metal is a critical component of rare earth magnets, essential for electric vehicles and the green energy transition, but its production has severe environmental impacts across its mining, separation, purification, and metal electrowinning steps. Specifically, conventional neodymium electrowinning in oxyfluoride molten salts using a consumable graphite anode generates greenhouse gases, e.g., carbon dioxide and perfluorocarbon (PFC). Here, we propose an alternative chloride-based molten salt electrolysis process utilizing a novel dimensionally stable anode (DSA). Our process lowers the specific electrical energy consumption compared to the state of the art, while producing reusable chlorine gas and eliminating direct CO 2 and PFC emissions. Chloride-based molten salt electrolysis of NdCl 3 (1.65 M) added to a LiCl−KCl eutectic (45:55 wt %), while using a RuO 2 -coated DSA enables high Coulombic efficiency (>80%), low specific energy consumption (2.3 kWh/kg-Nd), and excellent electrowon Nd product purity (>97 wt %). Life cycle analysis, excluding the common input feedstock (Nd 2 O 3 ), shows that the global warming potential for the proposed chloride-based electrolysis approach is 5 kg CO 2 equivalent, compared to 9−16 kg CO 2 equivalent for the conventional process, representing a 44−69% reduction in CO 2 emissions.

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“…18,19 Works about electrolysis on Bi electrodes have been reported successively. [20][21][22][23][24] Unfortunately, these studies have solely concentrated on light rare earth elements. As a result, the investigation of the electrolytic extraction of heavy rare earths with Bi electrode, specifically Gd, is rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%