Electrochemical Quantification of Dopamine Sensing in Human Samples Using Bromine Doped Layered gC₃N₄ Nanosheets

Abstract

Halogen, bromine (Br)-doped layered graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) nanosheets are constructed for a novel electrochemical detection of dopamine. The Br is successfully immobilized on gCN host lattice, in which Br provides an N-vacancy for -C-N bonding to improve electron transfer and enhance its electrocatalytic properties. The prepared nanosheets are studied by various analytical analyses and the electrochemical behavior of the designed electrode is studied using cyclic voltammetry. The Br-gCN decorated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) has superior electrochemical activity and is stable during exposure to varied pH but exhibited better catalytic activity at pH 7. The Br-gCN/SPEC electrodes and their high electrocatalytic performance are used for the detection of dopamine with a lower limit of detection (LoD) of 5 nM concentration. The Br-gCN decorated electrodes exhibited satisfactory results for cyclic stability (up to 100th cycle), repeatability (up to six cycles), reproducibility of similarly constructed 6 electrodes, and their electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor also exhibited a better recovery (> 80%) for real-time urine sample analyses.