Electrochemical properties of reduced graphene oxide derived through camphor assisted combustion of graphite oxide

Abstract

A facile method was demonstrated for the one-step synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from graphite oxide (GO) using a camphor assisted combustion (CAC) process. Analysis of samples was carried out using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, Raman, BET, SEM and TEM techniques. The electrochemical properties of the rGO samples derived through the CAC process were determined using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and impedance spectroscopy. It has been observed that the specific surface area and porosity of the rGO samples decrease with the increasing concentration of camphor during the CAC synthesis process. Thus, different mass ratios of GO and camphor such as 1 : 12, 1 : 16, and 1 : 20 in the CAC process yield rGO samples having surface areas (SBET) of 313.3, 297.5 and 177.4 m2 g-1. The pore volumes of the respective samples are 0.44, 0.45 and 0.23 cm3 g-1, respectively. The rGO derived using the 1 : 12 mass ratio of GO and camphor (rGO-12C) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 241 F g-1, which is significantly higher than that observed for chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO-CR), which exhibits a specific capacitance value of only 153 F g-1. The capacitance retention of rGO-12C was found to be 98% even after 1000 galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycles, suggesting its potential applications in electrochemical energy storage.

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“…All the plots encompass two different parts which comprise of an arc in the high frequency region and a nearly vertical line in the low frequency region. It has been reported that the linear impedance curve adjacent to the imaginary impedance axis (-Z ″ ) in the lower frequency region of the Nyquist plots indicates capacitance features of the reduced graphene oxide sample [13,38], which is in good agreement with this work (Figure 12(b)). The nearly small curve in the higher frequency region of the rGOEFB-E1 electrode (Figure 12…”

“…In this analysis, a constant current is applied to a given working electrode and the potential is measured with time. Thus, the potential transitional changes from the above scenario were used to calculate the specific capacitance using the equation as follows [13]:…”

“…In spite of the fact that the reduced graphene oxide carbon particles facilitate better ion diffusion between the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, the lower surface area and moderate specific capacitance of rGOCG samples (Table 1) occurred due to the multiple heaping of reduced graphene oxide layers and nearby-obstructed pores. These drawbacks generally transpire as a consequence of powerful pi to pi stacking connections and van der Waals interactions between the planar basal planes of reduced graphene oxide layers or sheets and has been reported to significantly reduce the surface area of the reduced graphene oxide [13,36]. For this reason, it is always exigent to fabricate highly conductive graphene exhibiting a very high surface area from graphene oxide [36].…”

“…Therefore, the recent mass commercialization of carbon nanomaterials particularly graphene and carbon nanotube technologies could possibly replace the fossil-fuelled power stations proficiently by 2030. This is believed to be achievable considering the astounding properties of carbon nanomaterials and their derivatives exhibited for electrochemical energy storage applications [12,13]. For instance, a one layer graphene sheet with a hypothetical surface area of 2630 m 2 g −1 has been estimated to have a notional capacitance of 550 F g -1 [13,14].…”

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“…Potentiostatic deposition of rGO and three cycles CV rGO on carbon fibre also exhibit two dominant peaks corresponding to D and G bands at 1,337 and 1,592 cm −1 , and 1,325 and 1,598 cm −1 , respectively. The D band is attributed to disordered structural defects that relate to the conversion of sp 2 hybridised carbon to sp 3 hybridised carbon, whereas the G band is assigned to the vibrational mode of E2g phonon of sp 2 carbon atoms (the stretching of the C C bond) (Atikah Md Jani et al, 2017;Ramesh et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2018). The Raman spectra of all samples show a shift for the D and G bands corresponding to the increase in the electrodeposition scans.…”