Electrochemical Properties and Reaction Mechanism of NiTi₂S₄ Ternary Metal Sulfide as an Anode for Lithium Ion Battery

Abstract

Herein, NiTi 2 S 4 (NTS) ternary sulfide was investigated as a novel and promising lithium ion battery (LIB) anode for its high theoretical capacity and electrical conductivity. NTS was synthesized by a facile high energy mechanical milling method and its electrochemical properties have been examined. Compared to bare TiS 2 and physically mixed Ni-2TiS 2 composite, NTS exhibited the better cyclability delivering the reversible capacity of 635 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g −1 . The excellent cycle performance was attributed to its unique reaction mechanism where Ni nanocrystallites were generated after the first conversion reaction during lithiation and remained inactive during the subsequent cycles. In situ generated Ni nanocrystallites were finely distributed inside the active matrix, restrained the volume change of the active material, and increased the electrical conductivity, leading to enhanced electrochemical properties. Moreover, the addition of 20 wt % graphene improved the cycle performance and rate capability of NTS. The NTS-G composite retained the reversible capacity of 452 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 5000 mA g −1 .

Nano and Battery Anode: A Review

“…In this way, the problem of crushing can be solved, because there is enough space between the nanowires to change the volume of each nanowire during the duty cycle without generating extensive stress, the diameter of each nanowire is also less than the critical dimension [ 19 – 22 , 30 , 54 – 56 ]. As it is known, after alloying (entry of lithium), the width of the nanowires increased and the side walls became textured, and although there was a large volume change, no fragmentation occurred [ 57 ]. In nanowires, electron transfer (communication between the current collector and the active substance) takes place through the length of the nanowires.…”

“…For every 6 carbon atoms, 1 lithium atom is stored [12] Fig. 2 Types of anodes with capacity [13][14][15] became textured, and although there was a large volume change, no fragmentation occurred [57]. In nanowires, electron transfer (communication between the current collector and the active substance) takes place through the length of the nanowires.…”

“…In the latter method, the crystalline direction and doping can be easily controlled, and the effect of different dopants and crystalline directions on lithium storage can be determined [23,[82][83][84][85][86][87][88]. Even a nanomaterial with a specific shape and composition can be used in different ways and even in a specific method, different reactants can be used with different temperature conditions, etc., each of which may have different results in terms of price, safety and since the key to commercialization other than investing is to find the right production method by considering the factors listed above, so there is an inseparable link between production and performance in batteries and very good and appropriate articles Available in connection with the synthesis method [30,31,56,57,[89][90][91][92]. In addition to onedimensional nanostructures (nanowires and nanotubes), efforts have been made to use zero-dimensional nanostructures (nanoparticles) (as a good nanoparticle are easier to synthesize than nanowires).…”

Preparation of Porous Zn0.76Co0.24S Yolk‐Shell Microspheres with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Among the related materials, ternary transition metal sulfides (TMS) stand out for their superior discharge capacity, excellent cycle stability, and easy‐to‐control structure [15–18] . For instance, Kim's group synthesized NiTi 2 S 4 using a facile mechanical milling as a LIB anode, which delivered a capacity of 635 mAh g −1 over 50 cycles at 1 A g −1 [19] . Sun and co‐workers reported NiCo 2 S 4 nanoparticles coated with graphene oxide, which can deliver a capacity of 621 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 and 532 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 as anode for SIBs, respectively [20] .…”

“…[15][16][17][18] For instance, Kim's group synthesized NiTi 2 S 4 using a facile mechanical milling as a LIB anode, which delivered a capacity of 635 mAh g À 1 over 50 cycles at 1 A g À 1 . [19] Sun and co-workers reported NiCo 2 S 4 nanoparticles coated with graphene oxide, which can deliver a capacity of 621 mAh g À 1 at 0.1 A g À 1 and 532 mAh g À 1 at 0.5 A g À 1 as anode for SIBs, respectively. [20] Additionally, our group favorably prepared CuCo 2 S 4 microspheres using a one-pot method and achieved a superior capacity of 1081.3 mAh g À 1 as anode for SIBs.…”