Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization of Surface-Fluorinated TiO₂ Nanoporous Film and Its Enhanced Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Properties

Abstract

In recent years, surface fluorination of TiO 2 has been demonstrated to be an efficient method for improving its photocatalytic (PC) reactivity toward some pollutants. In this paper, a new and simple method for surface fluorination and porosity-creating of TiO 2 is presented. The sample was prepared by anodization of TiO 2 in HF aqueous solutions formed by direct thermal oxidization of titanium sheet. The preparation conditions were optimized. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). The photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic (PC) properties of the samples were also investigated. SEM and Raman showed that the anodization made the TiO 2 nanoporous, which consequently increased markedly the specific surface area, but did not change the bulk crystal structure under a certain preparation condition. DRS analysis revealed that the light absorption was decreased after electrochemical etching. The band gap energy narrowed from 3.15 to 3.04 eV. The surface fluorination of the etched-TiO 2 was evidently supported by XPS. Highly enhanced PEC performance and PC activities for the degradation of target pollutants, phenol, methylene blue, and reactive brilliant red on the etched-TiO 2 were observed. The possible reasons for such an improvement were studied in detail by a combination of the abovementioned methods and (photo) electrochemical techniques. It is mainly attributed to the enhanced specific surface area, negative-shifted appearing energy band edges, decreased surface recombination centers, and/or favorable charge transfer rate. The F-containing TiO 2 electrode has an excellent stability against fluoride desorption.

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A ternary hybrid CdS/Pt–TiO2 nanotube structure for photoelectrocatalytic bactericidal effects on Escherichia Coli

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