Electrochemical performance of Sn-doped cobalt-free Li1.15Ni0.27Mn0.58-xSnxO2 cathode material for Li-ion batteries

Li-based layered nickel–tin oxide obtained through electrochemically-driven cation exchange

“…However, in practice, Li-containing layered oxides turned out to be very insusceptible toward the Sn 4+ doping. Although Sn 4+ for 3d-metal substitutions have been performed in various systems like Li[Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 ] 1− x Sn x O 2 , 8 Li[Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2− x Sn x ]O 2 , 9 LiNi 3/8 Co 2/8 Mn 3/8− x Sn x O 2 , 10 Li[Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 ] 1− x Sn x O 2 , 11 Li 1.15 Ni 0.27 Mn 0.58− x Sn x O 2 , 12 Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co 0.13 Mn 0.54− x Sn x O 2 , 13,14 Li[Ni 0.82 Co 0.12 Mn 0.06 ] 1− x Sn x O 2 , 15 Li[Li 0.17 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.58− x Sn x ]O 2 , 16 LiNi 0.8− x Co 0.2 Sn x O 2 , 17 and finally LiCo 1− x Sn x O 2 , 18 successful Sn doping has never exceeded a few atomic percents, whereas attempts to further raise the Sn content always resulted in Li 2 SnO 3 admixture. Only for LiCo 1− x Sn x O 2 , the doping up to x = 0.10 was reported, but still, the homogeneity of Sn and Co distribution was not directly analyzed.…”