Electrochemical paper‐based microfluidic devices

Adkins, Jaclyn A.; Boehle, Katherine E.; Henry, Charles S.

doi:10.1002/elps.201500084

Cited by 162 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(172 reference statements)

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“…Meanwhile, silver paste is mainly utilized in the fabrication of RE due to its stability and consistent potential for electrochemical detection, resulting in a superior signal production. 10 It is preferable for electrodes to be fabricated using massproduction techniques, such as screen printing and inkjet printing, as they permit mass production with the use of highly reliable repetitive printing tool. 15 Screen printing uses a customized screen to pattern specific paste of conducting material onto paper devices, whereas inkjet printing involves the deposition of pico-liter-sized droplets onto paper substrate controlled by a computer, which requires expensive equipment.…”

Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…51 Alternatively, a couple of other simple, inexpensive and equipment-free electrode fabrication methods are pencildrawing using graphite pencil lead or free-hand painting using carbon ink on the hydrophilic zones of paper devices. 10 These methods, however, are not suitable for the purpose of massproduction. Fabricated electrodes could be further modified with micro-or nano-sized objects, which could improve the sensitivity, stability and repeatability of analyte detection with PADs.…”

Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 One of the simpler modifications involves nanoparticles (NPs), which further expands the surface of the electrode. 10 When metal NPs are used, they act as charge carriers and catalysts for electrochemical reaction, enhancing conductivity. Increasing both the electrode surface area and conductivity result in desirable signal amplification.…”

Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,12 Onsite analysis was made more accessible through the fabrication of electrochemical PADs in comparison to the more traditional method of electrochemical detection that involves complicated and bulky instruments, which are not portable for the purpose of onsite analysis. Environmental analysis usually scans for heavy metals and toxic contaminants, which are often linked to excessive pollution from surplus of insecticides, pesticides and factory waste.…”

Section: ·2 Environmentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the advancement of technology, the detection methods used in PAD devices have moved from the more traditional colorimetric-based detection, which is capable of generating clear, qualitative and semi-quantitative results with detection performed with the naked eye or fully quantitative with the aid of a simple spectrophotometer, [7][8][9] to the more sensitive electrochemical techniques, which utilize carbon paste or metal micro-wires electrodes as sensors to produce highly quantitative results. 10 Electrochemical techniques are being increasingly used in the fabrication and design of PADs due to the potential for miniaturization, low sensor fabrication cost, compatibility with advanced microfabrication technology and high sensitivity that is made possible by better conductivity. 11 The electrochemical reading on paper substrate is highly comparable to results produced by the more conventional benchtop techniques, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, in terms of sensitivity and specificity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Paper-based Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application

et al. 2018

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Electrochemical bio-sensing using paper-based detection systems is the main focus of this review. The different existing designs of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional sensors, and fabrication techniques are discussed. This review highlights the effect of adopting different sensor designs, distinct fabrication techniques, as well as different modification methods, in order to produce reliable and reproducible reading. The use of various nanomaterials have been demonstrated in order to modify the surface of electrodes during fabrication to further enhance the signal for subsequent analysis. The reviewed sensors were classified into categories based on their applications, such as diagnostics, environmental and food testing. One of the major advantages of using paper-based electrochemical sensors is the potential for miniaturization, which only requires relatively small amount of samples, and the low cost for the purpose of mass production. Additionally, most of the devices reviewed were made to be portable, making them well-suited for on-site detection. Finally, paper-based detection is an ideal platform to fabricate cost-effective, user-friendly and sensitive electrochemical biosensors, with large capacity for customization depending on functional needs.

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Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ·4 Electrodes Characterization: Fabrication and Surface Modmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ·2 Environmentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in Paper-based Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application

et al. 2018

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Optical Contact Angle Measurement Considering Spreading, Evaporation and Reactive Substrate

Ismail

Baldygin

Willers³

et al. 2018

Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion

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Electrical Textile Valves for Paper Microfluidics

et al. 2017

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This paper describes electrically activated fluidic valves that operate based on electrowetting through textiles. The valves are fabricated from electrically conductive, insulated, hydrophobic textiles, but the concept could be extended to other porous materials. When the valve is closed, the liquid cannot pass through the hydrophobic textile. Upon application of a potential (in the range of 100 -1000 Volts) between the textile and the liquid, the valve opens and the liquid penetrates the valve. These valves actuate in less than 1 second, require low energy (~27 µJ per actuation), and work with a variety of aqueous solutions, including low surface tension aqueous liquids, and bioanalytes. They are bistable in function, and are in a sense, the electrofluidic analog of thyristors. They can be integrated into paper microfluidic devices to make circuits that are capable of liquid control, including autonomous fluidic timers, and fluidic logic. 2Paper microfluidics is a technology particularly well-suited for uses in public health, point of care diagnostics for resource-limited settings, veterinary medicine, food and water quality testing, and environmental monitoring. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] Many common assays require the addition of multiple reagents and multiple washing steps, where the timing of each step influences the outcome of the assay. For example, paper-based devices for ELISA [9,10], [11], [12] , electrochemiluminescence (ECL) [13] , or DNA detection [14], [15] , require multiple individually timed steps of binding, washing and amplification. Performing these steps manually is labor intensive (a single assay may take from several minutes to hours) and prone to human errors. Fully automated paper-based assays have the potential to be faster and more accurate than those requiring human operations.The most important component required for autonomous assays is a fluidic valve that gates the flow of liquids with timed actuation. Different methods of valving have been explored for paper devices [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23] , which operate either by changing the wicking properties of the paper or by mechanically altering connectivity between the channels.Wicking speed in the paper is determined by three parameters: The hydrophilicity of its surface, the size of the pores, and the viscosity of the liquid. These parameters can be altered to actuate flow of liquids. For example, hydrophobic surfaces can be rendered hydrophilic by an electrical plasma [16] or by electrochemical [17,24] or ultraviolet modification. [25] Surfactants can also be used to assist liquids in crossing the hydrophobic barriers [23,26,27] ; dissolved polymers [28] or sugars [29] can increase the viscosity of the liquids and limit the flow.Mechanical motion of paper has also been used for actuating the flow of liquids in paper. Electromagnetic [18] , hygroexpanding [19], [30] manually operated push-buttons [20] , flaps [21] , pop-up [31] , folding [10], [32] and sliding strip [14] concepts for valving h...

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Electrochemical paper‐based microfluidic devices

Cited by 162 publications

References 98 publications

Trends in Paper-based Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application

Trends in Paper-based Electrochemical Biosensors: From Design to Application

Optical Contact Angle Measurement Considering Spreading, Evaporation and Reactive Substrate

Electrical Textile Valves for Paper Microfluidics

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