Electrochemical oxidation of lamivudine using graphene oxide and Yb co-modified PbO2 electrodes: characterization, influencing factors and degradation mechanisms

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A three-dimensional porous lead dioxide electrode (3D-PbO2) was developed by the template electrodeposition approach. Polystyrene microspheres were prepared by microemulsion polymerization, and then the polystyrene template was loaded on the PbO2 electrode by electrodeposition. Finally, a porous structure was formed by removing the template. Under these optimized conditions, the degradation of acyclovir could achieve complete removal, while the removal of COD was 29.59%. The electrochemical degradation process of acyclovir was consistent with the proposed primary reaction kinetics. The 3D-PbO2 electrode was comprehensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy S(EM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of well-defined porous structures on the electrode surface, while the XRD results indicated a reduction in electrode crystal sizes. Additionally, the XPS analysis demonstrated a higher proportion of reactive oxygen species on the 3D-PbO2 electrode. The electrochemical properties of the electrode were investigated using CV and EIS. The experimental findings demonstrate that the 3D-PbO2 electrode exhibits a higher oxygen evolution potential and lower charge transfer resistance than the conventional PbO2 electrode. This study presents a viable approach to enhance the electrochemical oxidation performance of lead dioxide.

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Electrocatalytic Degradation of Acyclovir by Three-Dimensional Porous Lead Dioxide Anodes: Condition Optimization, Kinetic Analysis and Degradation Mechanisms

Wei,

Wang,

Chen

et al. 2024

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“…At low electrolyte concentrations, with a continuous increase of electrolyte concentration, the solution conductivity continuously increases, promoting electron transport. There was an excess of SO 4 2− on the electrode surface due to adsorption when the electrolyte concentration exceeded a certain threshold, resulting in a reduction of electrode active sites 61 and pollutant degradation rate and COD removal rate. Considered comprehensively, the Na 2 SO 4 concentration of 0.1 M was selected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Microspheres Composite PbO₂ Anode to Enhance Electrode Activity for Degradation of Isopropylantipyrine: Kinetics and Mechanism

Tao

Lan²,

Wei³

et al. 2022

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In this study, an innovative CMS-PbO2 electrode was fabricated by combining hydrothermally synthesized carbon microspheres (CMS) on a PbO2 electrode by electrodeposition. Using CMS-PbO2 electrode, the main factors affecting PRP degradation were studied. Under the optimum process conditions, the concentration of PRP was 50 mg/L, the applied current density was 30 mA/cm2, the electrolyte (Na2SO4) concentration was 0.1 mol/L, and pH value was 7, the PRP degradation rate reached 100%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate reached 43.42% after 120 min of electrochemical oxidation. Using field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the electrochemical performance of the two electrodes was discussed. The composite of carbon microspheres successfully improved the electrochemical activity of the electrode and the electrode conductivity. Furthermore, the ability of the two electrodes to generate hydroxyl radicals was compared and the possible degradation pathway of PRP was speculated. In addition, electrode stability and safety were evaluated by accelerated lifetime experiments and detection of lead ions in solution after electrochemical oxidation. The CMS-electrode was more stable and safer than PbO2 electrode. The CMS-PbO2 electrode provides a new strategy for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

“…The Sb-SnOx substrate layer can effectively prevent the active oxygen from diffusing with the titanium substrate to form a high-resistance TiO 2 film and improve the stability of the electrode. 32 In the fourth step, the α-PbO 2 and β-PbO 2 were electrodeposited. The PbO 2 electrodes were prepared by electrodeposition in an alkaline environment with a water bath at 60 °C to form α-PbO 2 (current density was 4 mA cm −2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CMS and Nd Co-Modified PbO₂ Electrodes with Enhanced Lifetime and Electrochemical Activity for the Degradation of Bisphenol S

Chen,

Tao,

Wang

et al. 2023

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In this study, a lead dioxide electrode co-modified with carbon microspheres and neodymium (CMS-Nd-PbO2) was prepared. The structural morphology and electrochemical properties of the four electrodes, PbO2, CMS-PbO2, Nd-PbO2, and CMS-Nd-PbO2, were compared by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance, respectively. The results showed that the prepared CMS-Nd-PbO2 electrode had higher surface denseness and higher electrode activity. Based on the accelerated lifetime experiment, the actual working life of four electrodes was studied, and the CMS-Nd-PbO2 electrode had a relatively long lifetime, increased 24.60% compared with the PbO2 electrode. The influencing parameters of electrochemical degradation of bisphenol S (BPS) by CMS-Nd-PbO2 electrode, the ability of different electrodes to generate hydroxyl radicals, reaction mechanism, and the possible BPS degradation pathways were also discussed. Further, the safety of the prepared electrode was evaluated. Under the optimal parameters, the removal rate of BPS and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 96.49% and 51.84%, respectively. The dissolved lead ion concentration in the solution after electrochemical oxidation was lower than the WHO standard. The CMS-Nd-PbO2 electrode showed promising applications in the degradation of emerging contaminants wastewater.