Electrochemical nonenzymatic sensing of glucose using advanced nanomaterials

Abstract

An overview (with 376 refs.) is given here on the current state of methods for electrochemical sensing of glucose based on the use of advanced nanomaterials. An introduction into the field covers aspects of enzyme based sensing versus nonenzymatic sensing using nanomaterials. The next chapter cover the most commonly used nanomaterials for use in such sensors, with sections on uses of noble metals, transition metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and metal sulfides, on bimetallic nanoparticles and alloys, and on other composites. A further section treats electrodes based on the use of carbon nanomaterials (with subsections on carbon nanotubes, on graphene, graphene oxide and carbon dots, and on other carbonaceous nanomaterials. The mechanisms for electro-catalysis are also discussed, and several Tables are given where the performance of sensors is being compared. Finally, the review addresses merits and limitations (such as the frequent need for working in strongly etching alkaline solutions and the need for diluting samples because sensors often have analytical ranges that are far below the glucose levels found in blood). We also address market/technology gaps in comparison to commercially available enzymatic sensors. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of electrochemical nonenzymatic glucose sensing on the nanomaterials modified electrodes. At an applied potential, the nanomaterial-modified electrodes exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for direct oxidation of glucose oxidation.

Co3O4 Nanopetals on Si as Photoanodes for the Oxidation of Organics

“…The error was calculated using the propagation formula). Sensitivity and linear range are comparable with some of the values found in the literature for metal oxide nanostructures [38].…”

Nano-carbons in biosensor applications: an overview of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes (C60)

“…Nowadays, in glucose sensing applications, researchers have shown interest in electrode modification with the composites they form with CNTs. This is because of the multifunctional glucose sensing devices are obtained by hybrid structures formed by combining one or more of the structures of polymer [88,89], nanoparticles [90], metallic nanosheets [91][92][93], alloys and bimetallic particles [94], and other carbon allotropes [95] with CNTs. Consequently, recent studies have shown that the superior electronic properties of CNTs that can be functionalized by various and different nano-sized materials or molecules play a Fig.…”

MOF-derived ZnCo2O4 porous micro-rice with enhanced electro-catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction and glucose oxidation

“…On other hand, in recent ten years, electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on metal oxides have caused widespread interest due to their easy preparation, cheap cost, and portable characteristics in the detection of glucose. [32][33][34] Up to now, many metal oxides micro/ nano-structures such as NiO, CuO, Co 3 O 4 , CuCo 2 O 4 , and NiCo 2 O 4 , have been extensively used for glucose sensing. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Porous hierarchical micro/nano-structures have attracted great interest in electrocatalytic OER and glucose sensing attribute to the unique structure with rich active sites, large electrolyte contact area, and quick electron/active species transfer rate.…”