“…Besides this, the extremely low level of DA (<1 µM) compared to the concentration of AA (100-1,000 times higher than that of DA) needs to be considered (Ghanbari and Hajheidari, 2015;Edris et al, 2018). To address these issues, as well as the slow interfacial electron transfer, chemically modified electrodes (Anu Prathap et al, 2019) have been developed as sensing platforms based on conductive polymers (Xie et al, 2017;Li et al, 2019), MOFs (Fang et al, 2018), carbonaceous nanomaterials (Luo et al, 2016;Abellán-Llobregat et al, 2018), metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (Chen et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2019a), and their composites (Grace et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2019;Zhao et al, 2019b).…”