Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensors: Principles of Design and Characterization

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule of vast physiological significance, but much remains unknown about the in vivo concentration dependence of its activity, its basal level concentrations, and how levels fluctuate in the course of certain disease states. Although electrochemical methods are best suited to real-time, continuous monitoring of NO, sensors must be appropriately modified to ensure adequate selectivity, sensitivity, sensocompatibility, and biocompatibility in challenging biological environments. Herein, we provide a critical overview of recent advances in the field of electrochemical NO sensors designed to operate in physiological milieu. Unique to this review, we have opted to highlight research efforts undertaking meticulous characterization of the sensor's analytical performance. Furthermore, we compile basic recommendations to inform future electrochemical NO sensor development and facilitate cross-comparison of proposed sensor designs.

Development of a multiparametric (bio)sensing platform for continuous monitoring of stress metabolites

“…pH measurements deal with potentiometric detection owing the use of a redox pH material (IrO2) [34]. The nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide were detected amperometrically owing to the use of a catalyst modified carbon materials [24,35]. Lactate monitoring was effected using an amperometric enzymatic biosensor that embed the enzyme lactate oxidase [36].…”

“…Nevertheless, numerous papers have described the design of individual sensors for the detection of one or two of these parameters [23,24]. More recently, some papers have reported the development of a multiparametric sensing platform for the detection in vivo of metabolic species such as glucose, lactate, glutamate and oxygen [25][26][27].…”

Large‐Scale Synthesis of Functionalized Nanowires to Construct Nanoelectrodes for Intracellular Sensing

“…To assess the electrocatalytic behavior of SiC@Au‐PEDOT NWE, nitric oxide (NO) was selected as a study model in view of its essential role in biological processes [17] . Compared with the SiC@C NWE previously reported, [4d, 13] SiC@Au‐PEDOT NWE displayed much more favorable catalytic activity to NO oxidation (Figure 3 d).…”

Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring

“…Several strategies for mitigating the inflammatory response involve either the local delivery of a drug to the area around the device, or the binding of an anti-inflammatory molecule to the device itself. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as dexamethasone [228,238], antioxidants such as melatonin [239] or superoxide dismutase mimics [240,241], and nitric oxide [242] have been employed as anti-inflammatory strategies for neural implants. A recent study applied therapeutic hypothermia after microelectrode implantation and significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory regulating cytokines and chemokines [243].…”