Electrochemical Nanomaterial-based Sensors/Biosensors for Drug Monitoring

Abstract

Determining the amount of medication used is essential for correctly managing treatment systems. The unauthorized use of drugs and the importance of determining the absorbed and required dose of drugs in target organs are essential factors that justify the design of new drug monitoring systems. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials have been developed for drug monitoring in the past few years. The use of nanomaterials to optimize the analyte detection process and facilitate electron transfer in electrochemical processes has enhanced intermolecular interactions and increased diagnostic sensitivity. Considering this review, in the first part, the evaluation of cancer drugs is examined, which can be used to determine the exact dose of the drug required in different stages of cancer. Accurate monitoring of cancer drugs can increase patient life expectancy, reduce side effects, and increase economic savings. In the next section, sensors and biosensors designed for antibiotics are examined. Accurate measurement of antibiotics, determining the effectiveness of the dose in controlling infections, and preventing antibiotic resistance are possible with the help of these drug diagnostic platforms. In the next part, the diagnosis of different hormones is considered. Abnormal amounts [low/high] of hormones cause multiple physiological complications and various disabilities. Therefore, accurate determination of hormone levels can effectively treat hormonal changes. In the last section, other drugs, including drugs and analgesics and other drugs for which the use of electrochemical diagnostic platforms can significantly help the drug distribution system and social health system.

The applications of functional materials-based nano-formulations in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases

“…CNS is one of the most important systems in our body. Abnormal hormones can lead to a variety of physical complications or even cause the onset of disability, making it important to consider the diagnosis of different hormones ( Negahdary et al, 2022 ). Nano-engineered molecules could perform a variety of tasks, such as making it easier to cross BBB, targeting specific cells or signaling pathways, acting as vectors to assist gene delivery to support neuroregeneration and cell survival, and showing greater efficiency in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases ( Bashir et al, 2023 ; Kumar et al, 2023 ).…”

Rapid Detection of the Anti-Tumor Drug Etoposide in Biological Samples by Using a Nanoporous-Gold-Based Electrochemical Sensor

“…The electrochemical method shows the great advantages of rapid response and high specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency, with low cost, portable convenience, and no professional operator requirements [ 13 ]. Several electrochemical sensors are already available for anti-tumor drug determination, with the typical modification of electrodes [ 14 ]. Zhu et al developed an electrochemical sensor from the modification of a glass carbon electrode (GCE) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, functionalized with quaternary amine (q-MWNTs), to determine the content of methotrexate (NTX) and folic acid [ 15 ].…”

Utilizing as-synthesized Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Mn1−xZnxFe2−yCuyO4 Doped Magnetic Nanoparticles for Efficient Electrochemical Sensing of Paracetamol

“…Spinel ferrites nanoparticles with the common formula of MFe 2 O 4 (where M can be Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe) are interesting materials because of their remarkable properties such as least toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, low mass transfer resistance, easy preparation, strong superparamagnetic behavior, electrocatalytic activity and adsorption ability for use in different kinds of applications like catalysis, drug delivery, cell separation processes, biomedicine, sensors, biosensors and radioimmunology. 11,12 The quality of spinel ferrite nanoparticles is based on different factors like pH of the reaction solution, composition, preparation method, and annealing temperature. 13 Thus, various methods including co-precipitation 14 and sol-gel 15 methods have been utilized to synthesize the spinel ferrites.…”