Electrochemical Methods for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water

Wallace, L.

doi:10.1002/9781118676448.ch10

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(95 reference statements)

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“…47,48 Furazans and furoxans have been researched for many years as energetic moieties due to their positive heats of formation and the presence of oxygen atoms. 49−52 These initial syntheses were performed in a divided cell, using Pt electrodes, with a tetrabutylammonium salt of the parent nitramine (12) in acetonitrile. 47 The authors describe the formation of 17 through two possible pathways.…”

Section: Anodic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the early 2000s, Petrosyan et al produced a series of publications on the electrochemical oxidation of nitramines to generate azo-coupled compounds. One such reaction was the oxidation of 3-methoxy-4-nitriminofurazan (12) in an undivided cell, which yielded 4,4′-dimethoxyazofurazan (17) in a 21% yield (Figure 2). 47,48 Furazans and furoxans have been researched for many years as energetic moieties due to their positive heats of formation and the presence of oxygen atoms.…”

Section: Anodic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, only one other review of the electrochemical synthesis of energetic materials has been published. 12 To promote the use of green chemical techniques, it is important to build familiarity with these techniques within the scientific community. By incorporating synthetic electrochemistry into new fields of research, such as energetic materials synthesis, we can help establish organic electrochemistry as a ubiquitous and indispensable synthetic technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic organic electrochemistry offers many advantages over traditional synthetic methodologies, including high stereoselectivity, high reactivity, decreased environmental toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and inherent scalability. − Over the past few decades, many excellent reviews and books have been written detailing the utility of electrochemistry in organic synthesis. ,,− However, there has been a notable lack of literature on the electrochemical synthesis of energetic materials. To the best of our knowledge, only one other review of the electrochemical synthesis of energetic materials has been published . To promote the use of green chemical techniques, it is important to build familiarity with these techniques within the scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials

Yount

Piercey

2022

Chem. Rev.

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Electrochemical synthesis is a valuable method for the preparation of molecules. It is innately eco-friendly, as potentially hazardous oxidation and reduction agents are replaced with electrochemical potentials. Electrochemistry is commonly applied globally in the synthesis of numerous chemicals, but the energetic materials field lags in this regard. In this review, we endeavor to cover the entire history of synthetic electrochemistry for the preparation of energetic materials and detail the electrochemical transformations of high-nitrogen materials that are relevant for the preparation of new energetic molecules. We hope this review serves as a starting point to inform those involved in synthetic energetic materials chemistry, and those interested in other applications of high-nitrogen molecules, about the environmentally friendly electrochemical methods available for such compounds.

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Section: Anodic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Anodic Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials

Yount

Piercey

2022

Chem. Rev.

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“…Electrosynthesis is considered a clean and efficient synthetic methodology. When using the electron as a reagent, the number of steps is reduced as compared to conventional thermal processes, cleaner reaction mixtures are obtained, the isolation of the product is simpler, and the pollution caused by the use of chemicals is decreased. − Stimulated by the recent achievements in electroorganic synthesis, in this work we study the electrochemical reduction of ISH in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution at a preparative scale (see Supporting Information) as a new and clean methodology for NMI synthesis. The electrolysis (controlled potential electrolysis, CPE) was performed under different experimental conditions (Table ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrosynthesis ofN-Methylisatin

et al. 2019

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Isatin in a solution of dry N,N-dimethylformamide/NaClO4 is electroreduced in the presence of CH3I. N-methylisatin (NMI) is obtained in quantitative molar yield and high current efficiency by controlled potential electrolysis (CPE). NMI and N-methylisatoic anhydride are the reaction products when CPE is performed in the absence of CH3I, but adding it once the CPE was completed. The water effect on the identity and yield of the reaction product(s) is investigated. Reaction pathways are proposed.

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Green electrosynthesis of 3,3’-diamino-4,4’-azofurazan energetic materials coupled with energy-efficient hydrogen production over Pt-based catalysts

Li,

Ma,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Nat Commun

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The broad employment of clean hydrogen through water electrolysis is restricted by large voltage requirement and energy consumption because of the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction. Here we demonstrate a novel alternative oxidation reaction of green electrosynthesis of valuable 3,3’-diamino-4,4’-azofurazan energetic materials and coupled with hydrogen production. Such a strategy could greatly decrease the hazard from the traditional synthetic condition of 3,3’-diamino-4,4’-azofurazan and achieve low-cell-voltage hydrogen production on WS2/Pt single-atom/nanoparticle catalyst. The assembled two-electrode electrolyzer could reach 10 and 100 mA cm–2 with ultralow cell voltages of 1.26 and 1.55 V and electricity consumption of only 3.01 and 3.70 kWh per m3 of H2 in contrast of the conventional water electrolysis (~5 kWh per m3). Density functional theory calculations combine with experimental design decipher the synergistic effect in WS2/Pt for promoting Volmer–Tafel kinetic rate during alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction, while the oxidative-coupling of starting materials driven by free radical could be the underlying mechanism during the synthesis of 3,3’-diamino-4,4’-azofurazan. This work provides a promising avenue for the concurrent electrosynthesis of energetic materials and low-energy-consumption hydrogen production.

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Electrochemical Methods for Synthesis of Energetic Materials and Remediation of Waste Water

Cited by 3 publications

References 82 publications

Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials

Electrochemical Synthesis of High-Nitrogen Materials and Energetic Materials

Electrosynthesis ofN-Methylisatin

Green electrosynthesis of 3,3’-diamino-4,4’-azofurazan energetic materials coupled with energy-efficient hydrogen production over Pt-based catalysts

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